Peritoneal malignancy: anatomy, pathophysiology and an update on modern day imaging

With increasing subspecialized experience in radical cytoreductive surgery and intra abdominal chemotherapy for peritoneal malignancy, outcomes have improved significantly in selected patients. The surgery and the treatment regimens are radical and therefore correct patient selection is critical. The radiologist plays a central role in this process by estimating, as precisely as possible, the pre-treatment disease burden. Because of the nature of the disease process, accurate staging is not an easy task. Tumour deposits may be very small and in locations where they are very difficult to detect. It must be acknowledged that no form of modern day imaging has the capability of detecting the smallest peritoneal nodules which may only be visible to direct inspection or histopathological evaluation. Nonetheless, it behoves the radiologist to be as exact and precise as possible in the reporting of this disease process. This is both to select patients who are likely to benefit from radical treatment, and just as importantly, to identify patients who are unlikely to achieve adequate cytoreductive outcomes. In this review, we outline the patterns of spread of disease and the anatomic basis for this, as well as the essential aspects of reporting abdominal studies in this patient group. We provide an evidence-based update on the relative strengths and limitations of our available multimodality imaging techniques namely CT, MRI and PET/CT.

Analytical method to accurately estimate overpressure magnitude: The case study from Indonesia's Tertiary basins

The most widely used overpressure estimation method is empirical method such as Eaton’s method. The nature of the empirical method is that it may work well in one area, but it may not work in other areas. In this paper, we try to develop more analytical approach to estimate overpressure, with the basis on understanding of overpressure generation. We then try to apply this method in Indonesia’s Tertiary basins, and it gives sensible results. The overpressure generating mechanism is analysed by direct inspection and comparison of sonic (and resistivity) vs density log responses to overpressure. From this step, we can understand whether overpressure is caused by disequilibrium compaction, unloading, or both. In the case that overpressure is generated by disequilibrium compaction mechanism, simple velocity-effective stress relation or equivalent depth method gives good match between estimated and measured pore pressure. If disequilibrium compaction and unloading contribute to overpressure, two steps are required to estimate overpressure magnitude. The first step is to analyse log response due to disequilibrium compaction and calculate disequilibrium compaction overpressure magnitude by methods as discussed above. The second step is to calculate the contribution of disequilibrium compaction and unloading to overpressure, based on effective stress history that has ever been experienced by sediments. By applying this two steps procedure, overpressure magnitude can be estimated accurately.

Analysis and Treatment of Defects on the Buried Civil Gas Pipeline

In recent years, with the development of society, people pay more attention to environmental problems year by year. Because gas has the characteristics of low pollution and high calorific value, the proportion of gas in energy structure is increasing year by year. With the continuous development of civil gas business, the safety of gas pipeline has become a widely concerned focus. How to ensure the safe operation of gas pipeline has become the first problem to be considered by each pipeline gas operators. Civil gas pipeline accidents have the characteristics of sociality, suddenness and complexity. The civil gas pipeline system is distributed in the area where the population and public facilities are concentrated. Once the accident occurs, it not only causes serious casualties and property losses, but also causes social insecurity, environmental pollution and other problems. Therefore, the Chinese regulations, Periodical Inspection Regulation for City Gas Pressure Pipeline and Thermal Pressure Pipeline (TSG D7004-2010), require regular inspection of civil gas pipelines. During the regular inspection of a gas pipeline, the damaged point of the pipeline anticorrosive coating is found by the PCM (Pipeline Current Mapper) system. We decided to dig the point and make a direct inspection. Two dents and a gouge were found on the pipe. We evaluated these defects according to the technical standard. Because the pipeline delivery can’t be stopped for the time being, we used carbon fiber reinforcement method to repair the defects temporarily. This paper describes in detail the process of defect evaluation and repair, which has certain reference significance for the repair and use management of civil gas pipeline defects.

Remote Geotechnical Evaluation of Rights of Way of Hydrocarbon Transmission Lines

Due to the health emergency currently affecting the planet, it has been impossible for engineering specialists to carry out direct inspections of the land. During this time, it has been necessary to develop techniques and procedures that allow engineers to obtain information from the land remotely. Here, they are supported by the technology that allows them to record images remotely via drones and communicate so they can perform inspections by auxiliary field personnel, directed at a distance by specialists. To do this, a preliminary flight plan is defined, based on the experience and knowledge of the terrain by the specialist and the visual of the drone is transmitted via the Internet from a PC in the field. Later, which images to record and the sites that require more detail or a direct inspection by the field assistant are defined. Finally, the field assistant transmits the images of the inspection. In this way, the specialist’s training and experience, the operational ease of the drone, and the skill of the field staff are taken advantage of. This article details the procedure for remote inspection, and ways in which it can even be extended to corridor recognition tasks to define the layout of rights of way.

Anatomy of Mitral Valve Complex as Revealed by Non-Invasive Imaging: Pathological, Surgical and Interventional Implications

Knowledge of mitral valve (MV) anatomy has been accrued from anatomic specimens derived by cadavers, or from direct inspection during open heart surgery. However, today two-dimensional and three-dimensional transthoracic (2D/3D TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (2D/3D TEE), computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provide images of the beating heart of unprecedented quality in both two and three-dimensional format. Indeed, over the last few years these non-invasive imaging techniques have been used for describing dynamic cardiac anatomy. Differently from the “dead” anatomy of anatomic specimens and the “static” anatomy observed during surgery, they have the unique ability of showing “dynamic” images from beating hearts. The “dynamic” anatomy gives us a better awareness, as any single anatomic arrangement corresponds perfectly to a specific function. Understanding normal anatomical aspects of MV apparatus is of a paramount importance for a correct interpretation of the wide spectrum of patho-morphological MV diseases. This review illustrates the anatomy of MV as revealed by non-invasive imaging describing physiological, pathological, surgical and interventional implications related to specific anatomical features of the MV complex.

Barriers to spectacle acceptance among secondary school students in Igabi, North-Western Nigeria

Background: The aim of this study was to determine spectacle acceptance and its barriers among secondary school students in Igabi, North-western Nigeria.Methods: In a students’ sample of 534, those with presenting VA < 6/9 in either eye that can be improved by 2 lines or more with refraction were identified. The students and their parents were provided with information on obtaining spectacles and its benefits. Two months later students were identified and assessed by direct inspection for purchase of spectacles and reasons for non- purchase were identified.Results: Thirty-four students out of 534 (6.4%) had refractive error with the age group of 16-18 years accounting for 204 (38%) of the study population. Only 14 (41.2%) of those requested to buy -spectacles bought. Among those who bought and use spectacles, 10 (71.4%) were females. Cost was responsible for 14 (70%) of spectacle non-purchase while extent of refractive error and various misconceptions on spectacle use were also determinants of spectacle purchase and use. Spectacle use was associated with subjective improvement in academic performance in 12 (85.7%) of those who bought and use spectacles.Conclusions: Cost of spectacles and various misconceptions on its use affect acceptance.

Analysis characteristic of hazardous locations in urban environments

International experience, as well as previous research in the Republic of Croatia, shows that successful identification and remediation of hazardous locations results in a significant reduction in the number of traffic accidents, especially those with the most severe consequences. One of the most important steps in the process of identifying and remediation hazardous locations is the direct inspection of the location on the ground by an expert team, which in the most relevant way identifies deficiencies on the road and related equipment. Total of 117 locations have been inspected in the Republic of Croatia in the past year, which represented potentially hazardous locations on state roads, of which 61 is in located in urban areas. Based on the reviews of potentially hazardous locations in urban areas, significant data were collected on the condition of the road and related equipment, the results of which were analysed in detail and presented in this paper. Based on these results, remediation measures have also been proposed, which enable increased road safety and reduced traffic accidents.

STUDY OF PRESENCE OF ACCESSORY INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN (AIOF) IN DRY HUMAN SKULLS OF NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

Introduction -IOF is a constant feature on the anterior surface of body of maxilla below the orbital margin.Infraorbital nerve (ION) & vessels pass through it .IOF assumes great importance in the field of Maxillo- facial surgery & dentistry as ION isanaesthetised during these procedures. Aims & Objective: Presence of accessory IOF affects the process of nerve block as a branch of the nerve, may pass through it. Hence a study was conducted to determine the presence of accessory IOF. Method: The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur.300 macerated dry adult human skulls of north Indian population belonging to both sexes were selected. Numbers of accessory IOF was determined by direct inspection. Result:The present study found 10.7% of skulls have accessory IOF. Conclusion: Thus knowledge of presence of Accessory IOF plays an important role in nerve block which, if ignored, would result in anesthetic failure & injury to nerve.