The Reversibility of the Effect of Hypervitaminosis A on Embryonic Limb Bones Cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-365
Author(s):  
M. A. Herbertson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Hypervitaminosis A ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Embryonic Limb

The skeleton of young animals is profoundly affected by an abnormal amount of vitamin A in the body. In vitamin A deficiency changes in the functional activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts allow bone to be deposited in places where it would normally be removed, so producing excessive thickening of certain parts of the skeleton (Mellanby, 1938, 1939). Conversely, excessive vitamin A causes osteoporosis and spontaneous fractures, although the formation of new bone is not inhibited (Strauss, 1934; Wolbach & Bessey, 1942; Irving, 1949). Recent experiments have shown that the vitamin has a direct effect on skeletal tissues grown in vitro. Fell & Mellanby (1952) cultivated the long-bone rudiments of embryonic chicks and mice in medium containing vitamin A in concentrations similar to those found in the blood of animals suffering from hypervitaminosis A; in such explants the cartilage matrix lost its metachromasia and gradually disappeared (chicks, mice) while bone (mice) was rapidly resorbed.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROCORTISONE ON THE ACTION OF EXCESS VITAMIN A ON LIMB BONE RUDIMENTS IN CULTURE

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honor B. Fell ◽  
Lewis Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Normal Medium ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Systemic Factors

The effect of hydrocortisone has been studied in organ cultures of the cartilaginous long bone rudiments from 7-day chick embryos and of the well ossified limb bones from late fetal mice. In the chick rudiments, which grow rapidly in culture, the growth rate was much reduced by hydrocortisone, less intercellular material was formed, and the hypertrophic cells of the shaft were much smaller than in the controls in normal medium. In the late fetal mouse bones, which grow very little in culture, hydrocortisone had no obvious effect on growth but arrested resorption of the cartilage. These effects resemble those described by others in the skeleton of animals treated with cortisone or hydrocortisone. The influence of hydrocortisone on the response of the chick and mouse explants to excess vitamin A was investigated. In the presence of excess vitamin A, cartilage (chick, mouse) and bone (mouse) rapidly disintegrated, but when hydrocortisone also was added to the medium, this dissolution of the intercellular material was much retarded, though not suppressed. The retardative action of hydrocortisone on the changes produced by excess vitamin A in skeletal tissue in culture, contrasts sharply with the strongly additive effect of the two agents on the skeleton in the intact animal (Selye, 1958). It is suggested that this discrepancy between the results obtained in vitro and in vivo is probably due to systemic factors that operate in the body but are eliminated in organ cultures.

The Influence of Hydrocortisone on the Metaplastic Action of Vitamin A on the Epidermis of Embryonic Chicken Skin in Organ Culture

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-409
Author(s):  
Honor B. Fell
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Embryonic Chicken ◽  
Mucous Metaplasia ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Embryonic Limb

In earlier work it was found that the addition of excess of vitamin A (10 i.u./ml.) to the culture medium produces drastic changes in embryonic limb-bones and skin in organ culture. The matrix of cartilage (mouse, chick) and bone (mouse) rapidly disappears (Fell & Mellanby, 1952; Fell, Mellanby, & Pelc, 1956) and in the epidermis of skin from 7 to 18-day chick embryos (Fell & Mellanby, 1953; Fell, 1957; Pelc & Fell, 1960) keratinization is immediately arrested and a remarkable mucous metaplasia appears. In a previous paper (Fell & Thomas, 1961) it was shown that when hydrocortisone (7·5 μg./ml.) is added together with vitamin A, resorption of intercellular material is greatly retarded in the explanted limb-bone rudiments. The present experiments were undertaken to see whether the hormone would also inhibit the metaplastic effect produced by vitamin A in the epidermis of embryonic chicken skin in vitro.

Development and Organization of the Secondary and Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Influence of Microbial and Food Antigens

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Food Antigens

Background:Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are distributed in many districts of the body and, especially, lymph nodes, spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the main cellular sites. On the other hand, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) are formed in response to inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic events. </P><P> Developmental Studies: In the present review, emphasis will be placed on the developmental differences of SLO and TLO between small intestine and colon and on the role played by various chemokines and cell receptors. Undoubtedly, microbiota is indispensable for the formation of SLO and its absence leads to their poor formation, thus indicating its strict interaction with immune and non immune host cells. Furthermore, food antigens (for example, tryptophan derivatives, flavonoids and byphenils) bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), thus promoting the development of postnatal lymphoid tissues. Also retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, contributes to SLO development during embryogenesis. Vitamin A deficiency seems to account for reduction of ILCs and scarce formation of solitary lymphoid tissue. </P><P> Translational Studies: The role of lymphoid organs with special reference to intestinal TLO in the course of experimental and human disease will also be discussed. </P><P> Future Perspectives: Finally, a new methodology, the so-called “gut-in-a dish”, which has facilitated the in vitro interaction study between microbe and intestinal immune cells, will be described.

Research Recommendations for Applying Vitamin A-Labelled Isotope Dilution Techniques to Improve Human Vitamin A Nutrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
Janet R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Total Body

The current use of serum retinol concentrations as a measurement of subclinical vitamin A deficiency is unsatisfactory for many reasons. The best technique available for vitamin A status assessment in humans is the measurement of total body pool size. Pool size is measured by the administration of retinol labelled with stable isotopes of carbon or hydrogen that are safe for human subjects, with subsequent measurement of the dilution of the labelled retinol within the body pool. However, the isotope techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging, and relatively expensive. There is also a need to assess different types of tracers and doses, and to establish clear guidelines for the use and interpretation of this method in different populations. Field-friendly improvements are desirable to encourage the application of this technique in developing countries where the need is greatest for monitoring the risk of vitamin A deficiency, the effectiveness of public health interventions, and the potential of hypervitaminosis due to combined supplement and fortification programs. These techniques should be applied to validate other less technical methods of assessing vitamin A deficiency. Another area of public health relevance for this technique is to understand the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, and its relation to existing vitamin A status, for future dietary diversification programs.

scholarly journals Cellular basis of urothelial squamous metaplasia

2005 ◽  
Vol 171 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Xia Liang ◽  
Maarten C. Bosland ◽  
Hongying Huang ◽  
Rok Romih ◽  
Solange Baptiste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Squamous Metaplasia ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Cellular Basis ◽  
Proximal Urethra

Although the epithelial lining of much of the mammalian urinary tract is known simply as the urothelium, this epithelium can be divided into at least three lineages of renal pelvis/ureter, bladder/trigone, and proximal urethra based on their embryonic origin, uroplakin content, keratin expression pattern, in vitro growth potential, and propensity to keratinize during vitamin A deficiency. Moreover, these cells remain phenotypically distinct even after they have been serially passaged under identical culture conditions, thus ruling out local mesenchymal influence as the sole cause of their in vivo differences. During vitamin A deficiency, mouse urothelium form multiple keratinized foci in proximal urethra probably originating from scattered K14-positive basal cells, and the keratinized epithelium expands horizontally to replace the surrounding normal urothelium. These data suggest that the urothelium consists of multiple cell lineages, that trigone urothelium is closely related to the urothelium covering the rest of the bladder, and that lineage heterogeneity coupled with cell migration/replacement form the cellular basis for urothelial squamous metaplasia.

Vitamin A Status and Hepatic Drug Metabolism in the Rat

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Becking
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Hepatic Drug Metabolism ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Hepatic Drug ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Liver Vitamin

The effect of vitamin A status on hepatic drug metabolism was studied in rats. Animals were fed diets with and without vitamin A for 20 and 25 days. Weight gains of control and deficient animals were not significantly different, whereas liver vitamin A levels had decreased to less than 10% of control animals after 20 days and were essentially zero after eating the deficient diet for 25 days. Aniline metabolism in vitro and aminopyrine metabolism in vitro and in vivo were significantly lower in male weanling rats fed a vitamin A deficient diet for 20 days. No alteration in in vitro p-nitrobenzoic acid metabolism was noted after 25 days on the test. Vitamin A deficiency did not alter microsomal protein levels or cytochrome c reductase activity but deficient animals did have a lower microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. Hepatic enzyme activities and cytochrome P-450 levels were restored to values approaching those found in control animals by feeding vitamin A deficient rats the vitamin A containing diet for 21 days. Liver vitamin A levels were markedly increased after re-feeding studies but were still significantly lower than control animals.

scholarly journals Bilateral Keratomalacia Secondary to Diet Induced Vitamin A Deficiency in an Ethiopian Young woman: A Case Report

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumale Tolesa Daba ◽  
Dagmawit Kifle ◽  
Jafer Kedir Ababora
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Night Blindness ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Background Diet ◽  
University Department

BACKGROUND: Diet induced vitamin A deficiency is less commonly seen in otherwise healthy adults, due to large store of vitamin A in the body. Night blindness is the commonest manifestation of vitamin A deficiency in adults, whereas Keratomalacia is a rare manifestation.CASE REPORT: A 27 years old Ethiopian woman came to Jimma University Department of Ohthalmology with a compliant of protrusion of the globe content of both eyes within a week, after having redness and fear of light of both eyes for 2 months. She was a mother of twins and had low socioeconomic status. On general examination, she was cachectic with enlarged parotid glands. On ocular examination, she was bilaterally blind and had dry ocularsurface. There was bilaterally melted cornea with prolapsed uveal tissue. After several investigations she was diagnosed as bilateral Keratomalacia (stage X3B) secondary to diet induced vitamin A deficiency. She was supplemented with vitamin A and other nutritional supplementation. Topical lubricating drops and ointments were administered. Finally, conjunctival flap was done to preserve the globe.CONCLUSION: Although it is rare, treating physicians should be aware of the occurrence of Keratomalacia in adults which is potentially blinding. Early recognition and treatment of vitamin A deficiency at the stage of night blindness is essential in reducing blindness caused by Keratomalacia.

In vivo and in vitro Study of the Effects of Vitamin A Deficiency on Rat Third Molar Development

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1445-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Harris ◽  
J.M. Navia
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Organ Culture System ◽  
Vitamin A Status

We have examined the effect of in vivo vitamin A status on subsequent rat third molar formation and mineralization in an in vitro organ culture system. Vitamin A deficiency imposed during an eight-day in vitro period caused effects very similar to those of vitamin A deficiency imposed on rats in vivo. Analysis of the data also demonstrates that retinoic acid is capable of reversing the interference in mineralization of third molars induced by vitamin A deficiency in the organ culture system.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Program Fortifikasi Minyak Goreng dengan Vitamin A terhadap Status Gizi Anak Sekolah di Kota Makasar

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Achadi ◽  
Siti Arifah ◽  
Siti Muslimatun ◽  
Trisari Anggondowati ◽  
Asih Setiarini
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
School Children ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slum Area ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Di Indonesia, kekurangan Vitamin A masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting seperti terlihat pada balita penderita vitamin A defisiensi subklinis yang tinggi (50%). Hal tersebut akan berpengaruh terhadap berbagai fungsi tubuh yang antara lain meliputi sistem imun, penglihatan, sistem reproduksi dan diferensiasi sel. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kontribusi konsumsi minyak yang diperkaya vitamin A dalam memperbaiki status vitamin A dan hemoglobin balita. Penelitian dengan disain studi intervensi Before-After ini dilaksanakan pada anak sehat berusia 7-10 tahun yang diberi obat cacing sebelum intervensi dilakukan. Pengukuran serum retinol dan hemoglobin dilakukan sebelum dan 3 bulan setelah intervensi . Minyak yang difortifikasi vitamin A telah disediakan di warung/ toko di sekitar tempat tinggal responden. Untuk meningkatkan demand, penelitian ini dilengkapi dengan pendekatan pemasaran sosial yang dilakukan pihak lain. Secara umum tidak terlihat perubahan status gizi, tetapi prevalensi anemia turun dari 21,8% menjadi 11,6%. Sementara, prevalens vitamin A defisiensi ditemukan lebih rendah pada anak yang mengkonsumsi ³12 minggu (26,6%) daripada yang mengkonsumsi < 12 minggu (42%) . Hasil tersebut dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk merekomendasikan agar minyak difortifikasi vitamin A.Kata kunci: Defisiensi vitamin A, anak sekolah, minyak fortifikasiAbstractVitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains as one of significant public health problems in Indonesia. Around 50% of under five children are suffering from subclinical VAD. Deficiency of vitamin A will affect several important role in the body, such as immune system, vision, reproductive system and cell differentiation. Therefore, guarding Indonesian children to be free from VAD is crucial for their quality as Human Resources. We assessed the impact of the consumption of vitamin A fortified cooking oil on the improvement of vitamin A and hemoglobin status among school children in urban slum area in Makassar City. The study was an intervention design Before-After. Healthy school children 7-10 years were selected from schools and de-wormed before the intervention. Serum retinol and hemoglobin was measured at baseline and at 3 months after. Fortified oil was made available through distribution at shops and accompanied with social marketing. Eventhough overall there was no change in VAD prevalence, the VAD prevalence is lower among children who consumedfortified oil ³12 weeks (26.6%) compared to those who consumed <12 weeks (42%). Prevalence of anemia decreased from 21.8% to 11.6%. We recommended that fortified oil is made mandatory.Key words: Vitamin A deficiency, school children, fortified oil

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