Memoirs: The Morphology and Development of the Genitalia and Genital Ducts of Homoptera and Zygoptera as Shown in the Life Histories of Philaenus and Agrion

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (287) ◽  
pp. 447-483
Author(s):  
C. J. GEORGE
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Forward Region ◽  
Efferent System ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
The Common

1. In the male Philaenus and Agrion the vasa deferentia terminate on the ninth segment in the early stages. An ectodermal invagination from that segment joins them subsequently and thus the male gonopore is established. 2. The accessory glands develop in Philaenus male from the anterior end of the swollen extremities of the vasa deferentia and the vesiculae seminales from a still more forward region. 3. The accessory glands of the male are mesodermal in origin and not ectodermal as some authors state. 4. There is no evidence as to the existence of a ‘pair of ectodermal ejaculatory’ ducts either in Philaenus orin Agrion, and reasons are adduced to show that they do not exist at all in the higher Insecta. 5. In the female nymph of Philaenus the oviducts terminate on the seventh segment. They are subsequently joined by an ectodermal invagination from the seventh segment. The common oviduct is formed in two parts: the anterior part is derived from the posterior region of the invagination on the seventh and the posterior region is formed as a groove from the ectodermis of the eighth segment and subsequently this groove is converted into a tube. When the second part is completed it is in connexion with the invagination from the seventh and opens to the outside on the eighth segment. The ectodermal invagination from the seventh also gives rise to the spermatheca. A median accessory gland develops as an invagination from the ninth segment between the bases of the inner ovipositor lobes. A pair of accessory glands develop as paired imaginations from the anterior region of the ninth segment. 6. In the female nymph of Agrion the oviducts fuse to form a single duct and terminate in the middle of the eighth segment. Posteriorly an ectodermal invagination from the eighth segment meets this duct and lies in a position dorsal to it. Later on the ectodermal invagination develops a spermatheca dorsally and the mesodermal and the ectodermal ducts unite into one. The accessory glands develop as paired ectodermal invaginations from the anterior region of the ninth segment. 7. The female gonopore is not homologous in the different groups of insects. The vaginal opening in Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera is homologous. The vaginal opening in Coleoptera is homologous with the oviducal opening of Lepidoptera, with the opening of the accessory gland of Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Isoptera, and the opening of the spermatheca in some Orthoptera. 8. The common oviduct, being formed differently in the different groups is not homologous. The accessory organs, e. g. spermatheca, are not homologous in the different groups. 9. There is no evidence to show that the common oviduct is of paired origin. 10. The occurrence of a median accessory structure on the ninth segment which develops in the young as an invagination between the bases of the inner ovipositor lobes is very general in the higher Insecta. In some it functions as a gland, in others as a storehouse for spermatozoa. 11. The homology of the paired accessory glands is indicated. 12. The male genital ducts are not strictly homologous with those of the female. The homologue of the ejaculatory duct is the invagination from the ninth segment in the female. 13. The Odonata stand isolated in having a mesodermal region for the common oviduct and in the peculiar development of the two processes between the anterior ovipositor lobes. 14. The probable lines of evolution of the female efferent system in Insecta are indicated. The study of the development of the female efferent system indicates that the groups Orthoptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera are very closely allied. Coleoptera seem to have had quite a different line of evolution from the above groups in this respect. 15. The adult Odonatan anatomy of the genital organs in the female as observed by me is in some respects different from that described by Tillyard. In conclusion I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Professor Balfour-Browne and Dr. J. W. Munroe, both of whom have always been ready to help me. My colleague Mr. R. I. Nel, who is working on similar lines in this department,, has rendered me valuable help, not only in matters connected with the subject proper but also in translating difficult German references. I am also indebted to Mr. Peter Gray who helped me a good deal in translating references in Italian.

The anatomy, histology, and physiology of the reproductive systems of Lytta nuttalli Say (Coleoptera: Meloidae). I. The internal genitalia

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gerber ◽  
N. S. Church ◽  
J. G. Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Bursa Copulatrix ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Spermathecal Gland ◽  
Colleterial Gland

The anatomy and histology of the male and female internal genitalia of Lytta nuttalli Say and the functions of the various organs during copulation and oviposition are described. In addition to the ovaries, lateral and common oviducts, and vagina, the female system includes a spermatophoral receptacle, accessory gland, and spermatheca. The most distinctive feature is the voluminous spermatophoral receptacle, which seems to be homologous with the bursa copulatrix of other Coleoptera, but serves to store and digest old spermatophores. The accessory gland is not a colleterial gland, but instead produces materials that probably are involved in the transfer of the spermatozoa into the spermatheca. The epithelia of the calyces and oviducts secrete the frothy, mucilaginous material that coats the eggs at oviposition. In the absence of a separate spermathecal gland, the epithelium of the spermatheca apparently has taken over its functions. The ovaries contain several hundred ovarioles of the telotrophic type. The chief structures of the male system are three pairs of accessory glands plus the testes, vasa deferentia, and ejaculatory duct. Each vas deferens consists of an enlarged portion that serves as an additional accessory gland and a narrow part, which is the seminal vesicle. Materials produced in the three pairs of accessory glands and the glandular portions of the vasa deferentia are used in spermatophore formation. The testes contain several hundred short sperm tubes similar to those of other insects. The arrangement, form, and functions of the internal reproductive organs of L. nuttalli are compared with those of other insects. Observations made on the reproductive systems of four species of Epicauta are also discussed in this context.

THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE VELVET MITE, ALLOTHROMBIUM LEROUXI (TROMBIDIFORMES: TROMBIDIIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Mathur ◽  
E. J. LeRoux
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Receptaculum Seminis ◽  
Female Reproductive Organs

AbstractThe anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive organs of Allothrombium lerouxi Moss are described in detail. In the male, the reproductive organs consist of paired testes, paired vasa diferentia, a median seminal vesicle, a median ejaculatory duct, bursa expulsatoria, a penis, and a median accessory gland; in the female, they consist of paired ovaries, paired oviducts, a median uterus and a vagina. The function of the parts in the male differs from that reported in other species of Trombidiformes, and in females fertilization takes place in the spongy epithelium of the uterus instead of in the oviducts as in oribatids. Females also lack a receptaculum seminis and accessory glands.

Memoirs: Notes on the Structure and Development of the Reproductive Organs in Philaenus spumarius L

1932 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (299) ◽  
pp. 467-481
Author(s):  
MARGOT E. METCALFE
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Efferent System

1. The genitalia are paired in origin and appear to represent, in the male the coxites and telopodites of the ninth abdominal segment; in the female the telopodites of the eighth, and the coxites and telopodites of the ninth segments. 2. The testes and vasa deferentia, ovaries and oviducts, are paired and mesodermal in origin. 3. The efferent system, other than the testes and vasa deferentia, ovaries and oviducts, is unpaired and ectodermal in origin. 4. The gonopore is serially homologous in the male and female; but is posterior to the ninth segment in the former, and posterior to the eighth segment in the latter. 5. The ejaculatory duct and the median uterus are not strictly homologous, the ejaculatory duct being more comparable with the median accessory gland in the female. 6. There seems to be, in the females of the Insecta, a tendency for the gonopore to be shifted posteriorly.

Memoirs: The Development of the Male Genitalia of Homoptera, with Preliminary Remarks on the Nature of these Organs in other Insects

1924 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (273) ◽  
pp. 59-96
Author(s):  
HEM SINGH-PRUTHI
Keyword(s):  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Outer Pair ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Single Organ

(a) Internal Genital Ducts. In young Homoptera nymphs the male efferent genital system consists of a pair of vasa deferentia, which are anteriorly continuous with the testes, and a pair of terminal ducts of hypodermal origin which are at this stage not connected with the vasa deferentia. The terminal unpaired common ejaculatory duct arises later as a solid ingrowth of the integument; anteriorly it meets the blind ends of the paired hypodermal ducts. It soon acquires a lumen and freely communicates with the exterior. At a slightly later stage of development the paired hypodermal ducts, by a constriction in the horizontal plane along the whole of their length, become two pairs, a dorsal and a ventral, the accessory glands and the paired ejaculatory ducts respectively. The paired ejaculatory ducts communicate with the vasa deferentia at a much later stage of development. The vesiculae seminales develop from the distal ends of the vasa deferentia. The above mode of development lends great support to the view (Palmen) that primitive insects had a pair of terminal ducts, and clearly indicates that these ducts were ectodermal and not mesodermal as stated by Palmen. As shown by Nüssbaum in some other insects, of the efferent systems all organs except the vasa deferentia are of an ectodermal origin. But the way in which the common ejaculatory duct, the accessory glands, and the vesiculae seminales arise in Homoptera is quite different from that suggested by Nüssbaum. Unpaired organs are unpaired from the very beginning, they do not arise by the coalescing of paired organs, as this author believed. (b) External Genital Appendages. The male genitalia of the adult Homoptera consist of two pairs of lateral appendages, the sub-genital plates and the parameres, and a median copulatory organ, the aedeagus. They are all borne by the ninth abdominal segment. They develop from two pairs of appendages only, an outer and an inner, which appear as diverticula of the ventral region of the ninth segment. The outer pair develops into the subgenital plates, and the inner by longitudinal fission becomes two pairs; the inner one of the two pairs so obtained, by the fusion along the median line of its components, forms a single organ, the aedeagus. while the outer is transformed into the parameres. Thus the pair of appendages developing into the sub-genital plates does not belong to the eighth segment, as was believed by Kershaw and Muir, but to the ninth ; there are no appendages on the eighth in the nymphs or in the adult; nor is there any evidence in favour of these authors' view that the male gonopore in Homoptera, unlike that in most orders of insects, lies between the eighth and ninth sterna ; it is in its usual place, behind the ninth sternum. The sub-genital plates seem to be the coxites of the ninth sternum; and both the aedeagus and the parameres, derived from a primitively single pair of appendages, correspond to the endopodites. As in Homoptera, in insects in general there are, besides the median aedeagus, two pairs of appendages in connexion with the ninth (the coxites and parameres). and not one as hitherto believed. But generally one pair is developed, e. g. coxites in Ephemeroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, &c. ; parameres in Heteroptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, &c. Only rarely both pairs are present, e.g. Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Thysanura, some Diptera. The fact that usually only one pair occurs seems to be responsible for the notion that the male genitalia of insects consis of, tbesides the aedeagus, only one pair of appendages. This also explains why this one pair of appendages could not be homologized in the different orders. In male Homoptera, as in most other insects, the homologues of the anterior pair of ovipositor-lobes, believed by Kershaw and Muir to be represented by the sub-genital plates, are not present; the sub-genital plates correspond to the lateral ovipositor-lobes ; and the dorsal pair of ovipositor-lobes ia represented by both the aedeagus and the parameres, and not by aedeagus or parameres alone as hitherto believed.

Extent and properties of the regeneration field in the larval legs of cockroaches (Leucophaea maderae)

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-572
Author(s):  
Horst Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Posterior Border ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Leucophaea Maderae ◽  
Reversed Polarity ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Extirpation experiments have been performed on the larvae of cockroaches (Leucophaea maderae) to determine the extent and properties of the regeneration field of the legs of these insects. The distal segments, including the coxa, may all be removed without loss of regenerative capability; but regenerative capability eventually disappears if more proximal parts are removed. There are two regions adjoining the coxa anteriorly and posteriorly which are both important for leg regeneration. The anterior region consists of the sclerotized basal parts of the leg mainly formed by the trochantin and the praecoxa. The posterior region is an unsclerotized membranous area extending from the posterior border of the coxa to the anterior border of the next segment. This membrane is called ‘leg-inducing membrane’. If only one of these two regions is present, no leg regeneration will occur. The interaction of both parts is necessary to allow the formation of a complete leg. An extra leg with reversed anterior–posterior polarity is formed when the ‘leg-inducing membrane’ of one segment is brought into contact with the sclerites of the following segment after extirpation of the membranous area which normally separates them. This membranous area, which represents the most anterior part of a segment, is called ‘sclerite-inducing membrane’, for if the basal sclerites or part of them are combined with this membrane only sclerites are formed, either in normal or reversed polarity depending on the experimental conditions.

FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS OF AEDES MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): TRANSPLANTATION STUDIES

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 955-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramalingam ◽  
G. B. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Male Accessory Gland ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractIn Aedes aegypti, the ’matrone’ substance which caused mating inhibition and stimulated oviposition in females, was present in the anterior secretory region of the male accessory glands. In the divided accessory glands of male A. triseriatus, however, it was present in the posterior glands. The posterior gland substance in A. triseriatus was not species specific. It stimulated oviposition in A. aegypti and caused mating inhibition in A. atropalpus. The secretory substance of the posteriormost region in the glands of both species of mosquitoes was mucin in nature. This mucin substance effectively glued the secretory granules of the anterior region(s).

The structure, formation, histochemistry, fate, and functions of the spermatophore of Lytta nuttalli Say (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1595-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gerber ◽  
N. S. Church ◽  
J. G. Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Tube Wall ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Male Accessory Gland ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Probable Form

The spermatophore of Lytta nuttalli consists of a unique tubular structure and a mass of jelly-like material (JLM). The spermatozoa are located in the JLM at its junction with the tube. The tube wall is composed of three layers of "histochemically" different substances produced by the first pair of male accessory glands. The JLM is secreted by the vasa deferentia. During copulation, usually of 8 to 10 h duration, the tube is molded and hardened in the vagina and posterior part of the spermatophoral receptacle duct and the JLM in the anterior part of the duct. The tube of the spermatophore serves as an intromittent "organ" in the absence of an internal penial sac. The sequence of events in spermatophore formation and the roles of the materials from the second and third pairs of male accessory glands are described. After copulation, usually within 2 h, the tube is ejected by the female. Within 24 h after copulation, most of the spermatozoa are transferred to the spermatheca. The secretion of the female accessory gland apparently is involved in this process. The JLM and third male accessory gland materials are retained in the spermatophoral receptacle and apparently are absorbed. The histochemical composition of the male and female secretions and the components of the spermatophore and the cytology and secretory cycles of the glands are described. The spermatophore of L. nuttalli is compared with those of other insects and the probable form of the spermatophore in other Meloidae is considered.

On a New Trematode from a Black-necked Stork, Xenorhynchns asiaticus

1962 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
S. Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Posterior Border

These trematodes were collected from the large intestine of a black-necked stork which had died in the Zoological Gardens, London. All the specimens present are damaged and there is only one piece showing the anterior part containing the head collar. It was not possible to determine the exact length of the specimens, but they are long and slender and measure at least 18 mm. in length. The body is almost uniform in width except in the regions of the ventral sucker and the testes where it is broader. The cuticle is thickly covered with spines in the anterior region of the body from the posterior border of the head collar to the posterior rim of the ventral sucker. On the dorsal surface the spines form a semicircle around the region of the ventral sucker and extend on either side of it. On the ventral surface very few spines are present on the sides of the sucker. The size of these spines varies a lot; in the anterior part they are very small, their size increasing towards the posterior region up to the end of the oesophagus from where it decreases again till the last row of spines which are very small.

The anatomy and histology of the internal reproductive organs of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2542-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gerber ◽  
G. B. Neill ◽  
P. H. Westdal
Keyword(s):  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Bursa Copulatrix ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Basic Features

The anatomy and histology of the female and male internal reproductive organs of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (F.), are described. The female system consists of a vagina, bursa copulatrix, common oviduct, lateral oviducts, spermatheca, spermathecal accessory gland, and ovaries. Twelve ovaries examined contained from 23 to 32 telotrophic ovarioles, the average being 27.3. The male system consists of a pair of bilobed testes, a pair of accessory glands, vasa deferentia, and an ejaculatory duct which is bifurcated at its anterior end. Three testes examined contained 34, 36, and 37 sperm tubes, respectively. The basic features of the reproductive systems of Z. exclamationis are similar to those of other Chrysomelidae.

POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA AERIPENNIS DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Y. Zachakuk
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Female Larva ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Accessory Glands

In the male larva of Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown), the reproductive system consists of paired mesodermal gonads situated in one of the second to fifth segments of the abdomen, an ectodermal genital capsule and paired mesodermal ampullae situated in the ninth segment of the abdomen, and a pair of mesodermal cell strands that connect the gonads to the ampullae. In the female larva, the reproductive system consists of paired mesodermal gonads situated similarly to those of the male, paired mesodermal ampullae situated at the posterior margin of the seventh segment, and a pair of mesodermal cell strands that connect the gonads to the ampullae. During the larval stage, prepupal period, and pupal stage, the gonads and cell strands of the male develop into testes and vasa deferentia, respectively, and those of the female, into ovaries and lateral oviducts, respectively. In the male, during the prepupal period and pupal stage, the ampullae develop into the paired spermatophoral and accessory glands and the seminal vesicles; the genital capsule develops into the ejaculatory duct and external genitalia. In the female, during the prepupal period and pupal stage, the ampullae develop into the common oviduct; the vagina forms from a groove in the ventral epidermis of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments; the uterus, spermatophoral receptacle, spermatheca, accessory gland, and its duct develop from invaginations in the vaginal groove in the eighth abdominal segment; the external genitalia develop from ridges on the sternal epidermis of the ninth abdominal segment.

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