Specific peculiarity of the forensic veterinary expert conclusion structure according to the research of fowl corpse results

The article identifies and systematizes some issues of the forensic veterinary expert conclusion structure according to the research of fowl carcass results. It is claimed that the sequence of fowl carcass examination results presentation is determined by a forensic veterinary expert with account the examination specifics, the object study state and the issues nature raised by the subject of examination appointment for the expert decision. It is shown that the peculiarity of its introductory part is a specific issues list raised for the forensic veterinary expert decision by the research subject. Mandatory elements of the “Research” section in the expert's conclusion is a statement of the individual documents study results in the proceedings and directly related to the examination (extract from the animal's health history, fowl ambulatory card, site inspection report, etc.), carcass registration data, results of its external and internal research according to certain algorithms description, results of additional researches (forensic chemical, histological, forensic toxicological, etc.), forensic veterinary diagnosis and the synthesizing part conclusion formulation. The final part of the expert's conclusion is the questions answer to the mentioned in the introductory part in a categorical or, as an exception, in a probable form. Be sure to indicate the damage nature or pathological changes, their location, the cause of fowl death, the causal relationship between the damage caused to the fowl health and the onset of its death. The appendices peculiarity is that they are drawn up in the photo tables form, which carry information about the fowl carcasses forensic veterinary examination stages, supplement and confirm the expert's opinion verbal part.

Matryoshka version of the Russian verlibre

  Referring to the possibility and need for an experiment in literary studies, mentioned in the early XX century by the Soviet literary theoretician and poetry scholar Boris Yarkho, who paid particular attention to the transformation of the genre and the structure of expressive means as a whole, the author of this article analyzes the new form of the Russian verlibre (free verse), its varieties of the most probable form, attempting to determine its most characteristic typology, as well as to introduce into the concept of the matryoshka verlibre the two main forms, two of its fundamental metaphases and several subvarieties: 1. Verlibre in verlibres (verlibre in several verlibres); 2. Verlibre in verlibre  (several verlibra in one verlibre). The author also distinguishes two subvarieties that are formed from the verlibre in verlibre: 3. Veprlibr (large verlibre in several verlibres); 4. Aphoristic verlibre (verlibre in several aphorisms), and others. The main conclusion of the conducted analysis of the new form of the matryoshka verlibre consists in the fact that matryoshka verlibre is patterned by a catenate fairy tale and is attributed to the type of catenate fairy tale (cumulative fairy tale, recursive fairy tale, chainlike fairy tale). The verlibre, in which dialogues or actions are repeated and develop in a modified form according to the plotline, belongs to the matryoshka verlibre. The effect of these verlibres is based on the repeating narrative, characteristic image and action changing for one or another reason and reaching culmination. In this case, semantic differentiation of the text is viewed as a synthesis of both dimensions, where any component of the work is simultaneously motivated by the coherence of such element that it creates with other elements, as well as semantic union of the elements that are subject to destruction, and belong to different components of the entire work. A matryoshka doll serves as an example.  

ETHNOSOCIAL SYSTEM AND POLITOGENESIS OF ALTAI POPULATION IN II CENTURY BC – V CENTURY AD (BASED ON MATERIALS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEXES)

The article concerns the reconstructing the features of the formation and evolution of the ethnosocial system, as well as the processes of political genesis of the Altai population at the Xiongnu-Xianbei-Rouran period. The key approach of the research is a comprehensive analysis of materials from excavations of sites of the Bulan-Koby archaeological culture (II century BC – V century AD). More than 800 burials studied in different parts of Altai form the basis of the source base. It has been established that the genesis of the social organization of the population of the region during this period was determined by complex forms of interaction between different clans. The study shows their unequal status at certain stages of the existence of the Bulan-Koby archaeological culture in different regions of Altai, which probably reflects the hierarchy of tribes. The key factor in the political genesis of the region's population was its inclusion in the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Rouran empires. The most probable form of political unification of the Altai nomads in the II century BC – V century AD is a «tribal confederation» without an independent governing center in the person of a common leader and his apparatus.

The Issues of Expert Opinion Evaluation on Forensic Transport Examinations

One of the factors adversely affecting the quality of crime investigations is the misuse and misapprehension of forensic evidence in proving. An essential part of solving this problem is a more effective use by investigative bodies of specialized knowledge in the form of forensic examinations. In particular, when investigating crimes concerning the violation of traffic rules and transport operation, an investigator should thoroughly evaluate an expert’s opinion in the field of transport and technical forensic examinations. The author studied the expert practice on these forensic examinations, indicating the existing significant number of expert opinions in the “probable” form. In the author’s opinion, the main reasons for such opinions are the presence of probable conclusions about the causes of the traffic accident in the materials of the internal investigation submitted for examination and the insufficient information content of the initial data. The analysis of the errors made by experts on forensic transport examinations indicates the need to study the received conclusions thoroughly, look closely not only into the conclusions themselves but also into the content of the research part, which will allow to timely recognize the incompetence of the study, detect technical errors, as well as the inconsistency with the conclusions on other circumstances established in a criminal case.

HIV infection and AIDS reported cases in two municipalities near Lisbon between 2015 and 2019

Background In the WHO European Region, in 2018, there were 16.2 newly diagnosed HIV infections per 100,000. In Portugal, there were 9.5 new cases per 100,000 population. The aim of this study is to analyse HIV/AIDS's notifications in the group of primary healthcare centres of Loures-Odivelas (ACES LO), with 340,000 inhabitants, between 2015 and 2019. Methods An observational, descriptive, retrospective, quantitative study was performed. Data was collected in March 2020, from the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance Database. Variables included were age, sex, HIV's presentation, country of probable origin of infection, probable form of transmission, partner characteristics, pregnancy at diagnosis, reason for testing/consultation, anti-retroviral therapy (ART) before diagnostic of AIDS. Descriptive analysis was performed for all variables. Results In ACES LO, there were 83 notified cases of HIV infection/AIDS between 2015 and 2019, with 36.1% of cases notified in 2019. The male to female ratio was 1.4. The average age was 41.7 years old. At time of notification, 56.6% of cases were asymptomatic and 25.3% had clinical criteria for AIDS. Guinea-Bissau was the probable origin of infection in 43.0% of cases (n = 23). Men having sex with men (MSM) was the probable form of transmission in 19.3% of cases. In 19.6% of cases of heterosexual contact, the partner was known to have HIV infection. Six women were pregnant at time of diagnosis. Testing was done on a routine basis in 22.2% of cases (n = 54). Among those with clinical criteria for AIDS (n = 21), 5 cases had previously taken ART. Conclusions There was an increase in notified cases of HIV infection/AIDS from 2015 to 2019 in ACES LO. The male to female ratio was lower than for Portugal in 2018.The proportion of cases with AIDS at time of notification was higher than for Portugal in 2018. Preventive strategies should be reinforced for people with partners diagnosed with HIV infection and perhaps for people. Key messages More than one third of cases were notified in 2019. Preventive strategies should be reinforced for people with partners diagnosed with HIV infection.

FIXING RESULTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF SPECIALISTS AT THE SCENE OF CRIME

The article deals with the peculiarities of conducting an inspection of the scene of crime with the participation of specialists, the types of activity of specialists in carrying out this investigative (search) action. Possibilities of conducting on-site trace investigations and problematic issues related to the fixation of specialist research activities are identified. It is emphasized that the use of specialized knowledge, along with the use of modern scientific and technical devices is a prerequisite for conducting a site inspection. Their use is required not only during the detection, fixation and removal of traces, but also for the overall assessment of the location of the event, conducting preliminary investigations at the scene aimed at explaining the facts of the occurrence of certain traces, their location and time of occurrence, etc., which may indicate the mechanism of the event as a whole. The definitions of the location review and its tasks have been analyzed. It is concluded that almost all scientists consider the task of reviewing the detection, fixation, removal and investigation of material objects at the scene. The consequence of these tasks is to obtain information about the mechanism of the crime and its participants. Most of these tasks can be solved only after a thorough study of the situation of the scene, which involves various specialists. The problems that exist during the course fixation and the results of the site inspection are analyzed and highlighted. It is noted that the material objects discovered and removed during the investigative (search) action are described in the protocol and properly packed. Information on the technical means used during the investigative (search) activities and the results of their application are also contained in the protocols or annexes thereto. However, the results of on-site investigative actions conducted by both the investigator and the specialist involved and which form the basis for the investigation version are not always recorded in the protocol. Forensic recommendations for drafting the review protocol do not prohibit any opinions, comments or explanations from their participants. According to the author, the fixation of research activities, especially by a specialist, as well as their results in the form of categorical conclusions or versions, should be recorded in writing. The results of any investigations, judgments, versions, assumptions made by the specialist about the circumstances to be ascertained and proven, based on the use of his or her specialized knowledge and which may facilitate the investigation of the crime, should be recorded. It is proposed to change the traditional approaches to the content of the investigative (investigative) action protocol. After a detailed description of the on-site investigations, with all the methods and tools used, the results and conclusions obtained after the investigations should be recorded in the protocol, even in probable form. Such conclusions will be the logical conclusion to a part of the protocol that describes ways to detect and remove traces. It is emphasized that the fixation of research actions is important in the conduct of forensic (mainly forensic) examinations, the objects of which are objects removed during the examination of the scene.

social relations and the performance of different start-up types

There is significant and growing interest in entrepreneurship. Notwithstanding this interest, sizable barriers limit understanding of the phenomenon and, by implication, understanding of who is most likely to succeed in it. One fundamental challenge researchers face is the confounded language employed: “Self-employment,” “business ownership,” and various conceptualizations of “entrepreneurship” have often been used interchangeably. This chapter argues that a potentially fruitful basis for predicting the probable form and performance of various start-ups (or newly established business entities) is offered by attending to the social relational characteristics of the individuals or teams engaged in them, including their advisers and investors. Using this approach, novel propositions are proposed that draw and define boundary conditions.

PROBLEM ASPECTS ON DETERMINING THE INTERFERING FACTORS IN STUDIED SIGNATURES PERFORMED BY MANUSCRIPTED METHOD

The article is devoted to the consideration of problematic situations that may arise when determining interfering factors (natural, artificial) when in the investigated signature their combined effect manifests itself or the presence of the same information content under the influence of various interfering factors is found. Considering the possibility of such complex cases arising from the ambiguity of the origin of interfering factors, with insufficient information content of the signature, an insignificant number of free samples identifying features that prevailed over others, the ability to explain the differences and the lack of full confidence in the categorical expert is a probable form of conclusion. To sum up it can be concluded that handwriting experts obtain scientific research on the identification of interfering factors affecting the signer. The level of knowledge and experience of the expert, the perfection of research methods, etc. will play an important role. Key words: signature, interfering factors, natural, artificial.

From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Towards 2000

In the late spring of 1985, shortly after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the former USSR, the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (CMC) directed a radical change in the armed forces′ training and preparation for war. The Chinese People′s Liberation Army (PLA-as all the military services and branches are collectively designated) was instructed that it was no longer necessary to prepare for an “early, major and nuclear war” with the Soviet Union. Henceforth, the PLA′s doctrine, strategy and operational concepts would be focused on preparing for the most probable form of future conflict: local, limited war (jubu zhanzheng) around China′s periphery.1 The decade following the CMC′s directive has seen the Chinese armed forces begin the transition towards a more modern, flexible military force as they′changed their organizational structure, command and control, and training to focus on possibly unexpected, potentially intensive military conflict along China′s borders and maritime territories. These changes paralleled the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which eliminated any significant military threat to China′s northern borders for at least another decade. Nevertheless, and even as Beijing′s security analysts were publicly acknowledging that China′s military security was more assured than it had been for the past 50 years, the defence expenditures of the People′s Republic entered a period of rapid growth that continues to this day.