scholarly journals Further Remarks on the Golgi Element

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (11) ◽  
pp. 293-307
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Golgi Element ◽  
Structural Plan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Secretion Product ◽  
Element Set

1. The Golgi element has been reinvestigated in the same kinds of cells as were the subject of the author's 1944 paper. 2. Two new methods have been used, namely, phase-contrast microscopy and an improved form of the sudan black technique, in which the tissues are postchromed at 60° C. 3. The Golgi element consists of separate bodies, spheroid in shape. These Golgi bodies may be simple (i.e. non-vacuolate), or may contain one or more vacuoles. The material of the simple Golgi body and of the externum of the vacuolate body is a lipoid that in some cases can be shown to contain lipine. The secretion-product of the Golgi body originates in the vacuole. 4. The opinion as to the structural plan of the Golgi element set out in the earlier paper has been confirmed in the main. There are, however, two exceptions to this: (a) The vacuole in the Golgi body does not invariably colour with neutral red, and this dye occasionally causes the appearance of vacuoles not present before, both within the Golgi region and in other parts of the cytoplasm. (b) ‘Diffuse lipoid’ is not a characteristic feature of the Golgi element.

Memoirs: The Oogenesis of Lumbricus: a Restatement

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 235-256
Author(s):  
L. A. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Concave Side ◽  
Brownian Movement ◽  
Golgi Bodies

My former results (1925) have been revised, and the following are now recorded: The mitochondria are filamentous and granular. They are present in the oogonia as a cap over one pole of the nucleus. This cap enlarges as the oocyte grows, and finally breaks up and spreads as loose clouds over the entire cytoplasm. Under darkground illumination the mitochondria appear as areas showing a milky scintillation, owing to Brownian movement. The Golgi bodies are in the form of curved rodlets tapering towards each end and having a patch of sphere material on the concave side. The rodlet only is visible in living cells. Darkground illumination fails to differentiate the Golgi elements from the ground cytoplasm. It is uncertain whether they are derived from one only or more than one Golgi body in the oogonium. Droplets containing weak fat are present in all older oocytes, and in some ovaries in the younger cells, even being present in oogonia. They arise de novo in the cytoplasm. The vacuome in this material is a function of the cell's reactions to neutral red, and is not present in the unstained egg. It arises in close relation to the Golgi apparatus, but in later phases of staining wanders away from it. Nath's observations on earthworm eggs, and his theory of the vacuolar nature of the Golgi body, are discussed in detail.

Ultrastructure of the female reproductive organs (ovary, vitellaria, and Mehlis' gland) of Halipegus eccentricus (Trematoda: Derogenidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2203-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M. Holy ◽  
Darwin D. Wittrock
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cortical Granules ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vitelline Cells ◽  
Female Reproductive Organs

The female reproductive organs (ovary, vitellaria, and Mehlis' gland) of the digenetic trematode Halipegus eccentricus were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Oocytes entered diplotene while in the ovary and produced cortical granules and lipid bodies. Vitelline cells produced large amounts of eggshell protein but no yolk bodies. Two types of Mehlis' gland secretory cells were present, distinguishable by the morphology of their rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and secretory bodies, and by the persistence of recognizable secretory material within the ootype lumen after exocytosis. In an attempt to standardize the nomenclature regarding the cell types of the Mehlis' gland, a classification that takes into account these four criteria is proposed. Two basic types of Golgi body organization were noted for the cells of the female reproductive system: a stack of flattened cisternae (Mehlis' gland alpha cells) and spherical Golgi bodies with vesicular cisternae (oocytes, vitelline cells, and Mehlis' gland beta cells).

Memoirs: The Structure and Chemical Composition of the Golgi Element

1944 ◽  
Vol s2-85 (337) ◽  
pp. 1-71
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Primary Spermatocyte ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Mesenteric Ganglion ◽  
Golgi Element ◽  
Early Spermatid ◽  
The Common ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa

Structure 1. Reasons are given for believing that the methods used to produce the classical Golgi network cannot be relied upon to give an accurate picture of the structure of the Golgi element during life. 2. In this investigation reliance has been placed chiefly on vital observations and on the results of the formal-sudan-black technique. Sudan black is a colouring agent with an intense affinity for lipoids,1 whether ‘masked’ or not. 3. The Golgi element was studied in the following cells: (1) the primary spermatocyte and early spermatid of the common snail, Helix aspersa; (2) the absorptive cell of the intestinal epithelium of the smooth or common newt, Triturus vulgaris ; (3) the nerve cell of the anterior mesenteric ganglion of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. 4. In its fully developed condition, the Golgi element of diverse cells consists of four parts: (1) the ‘neutral-red vacuoles’; (2) the dense lipoid-containing substance, generally in close relation to the vacuoles in the form of strands, ‘lepidosomes’, caps, crescents, rings, or complete investments; (3) the diffuse lipoid-containing substance, which fills all the space in the Golgi element not occupied by the other constituents; (4) the Golgi-product, which arises in the vacuoles and is the result of the synthesis achieved by the Golgi element.

E-learning in postgraduate urology training: a Covid-19 pandemic experience

2022 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudassir Hussain ◽  
Abdul Khalique ◽  
Pardeep Kumar ◽  
Asad Shehzad Hassan ◽  
Altaf Hashmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Online Lectures ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Online Tests ◽  
The Way

Since the declaration of a COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 teaching institutions started the process of adjusting to the new challenge. Medical education could not be imparted the way it used to be and some new methods had to be taken to adapt to the pandemic. At our institute, each week two lectures were recorded and later uploaded on the Youtube Channel and shared with students. This was followed by an MCQs based test using Google forms. Ten lectures were delivered in 5 weeks to 55 participants.  Majority of residents agreed that this activity increased their knowledge of the subject and opted to continue it in future.  With help of short online lectures (< 30 mins) and short online tests (5 MCQs), the learning experience of residents can be enhanced. In future, more online resources can be used to incorporate this method of teaching. 

scholarly journals TV SERIES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION IN CHEMISTRY TEACHING THROUGH OF RESEARCH AND LUDIC EXPERIMENTATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 919-929
Author(s):  
J. V. GOMES ◽  
F. V. DA SILVA ◽  
D. F. M. DO CARMO ◽  
P. J. S. MAIA
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
Chemistry Teaching ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Learning

Conventional methods employed to teach chemistry imply a lot of memorization and very little contextualization, i.e., they fail to connect chemistry concepts to students’ everyday lives, which causes them to lose motivation and interest in learning the subject. In order to change this scenario, new methods have been proposed for the teaching of chemistry, such as playful experimentation, to foster contextualization of content and integration with content from other subjects. This study has aimed to evaluate student learning of chemistry concepts by means of experimentation associated to forensic science. To this end, first, students’ previous knowledge of the content was assessed by means of a questionnaire prior to the intervention. Then, they were given a problem-situation, a fictitious crime, which they had to solve. The results indicate that the teaching method under investigation is an effective teaching-learning strategy capable of contextualizing and adapting chemistry concepts to students’ cultural background, since TV crime series have become hugely popular among teenagers.

The organization of tip-growth-related organelles and microtubules revealed by quantitative analysis of freeze-substituted oomycete hyphae

1989 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
I. BRENT HEATH ◽  
SUSAN G.W. KAMINSKYJ
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Body ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Saprolegnia Ferax ◽  
Cytoskeleton Organization ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Serial Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Body Production ◽  
Actin Cables

The distribution of organelles and microtubules in hyphal tips of the oomycete, Saprolegnia ferax, were quantitatively determined at high resolution from serial-section electron microscopy of freeze-substituted cells. All the organelles and the microtubules were non-uniformly distributed, each showing a characteristic longitudinal gradient starting at a different point behind the tip. In addition, when the cytoplasmic cross-sectional area was divided into radial regions, all organelles occurred preferentially in either the central (mitochondria and Golgi bodies) or the peripheral (microtubules, wall vesicles and spherical vesicles) region. The nuclei were so large as to span both regions but were always oriented with their centrioles facing the plasmalemma. Microtubules occurred in the extreme tips, became more abundant sub-apically, were predominantly short but increased in mean length with distance from the tip. The correlated patterns of organelle and cytoskeleton organization from this and previous work show that neither the microtubules nor the detected arrays of actin are sufficient to account for most organelle arrangements. However, on the basis of the distribution and orientation of the predominantly elongated wall vesicles, we suggest that the wall vesicles travel radially from their origin at the centrally located Golgi bodies to the cell periphery where they are transported longitudinally to the hyphal tip in conjunction with the plasmalemma-associated actin cables. Our data also suggest that the hyphae contain a cortical ectoplasm with which the nuclei interact, at least in part, via their centrioles and centriole-associated microtubules, and whose mechanical integrity is increased by both the peripheral actin cables and a high density of microtubules. We suggest that the endoplasm is less strong and has physiological properties that enhance the differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope into Golgi body production.

The Golgi Material and Mitochondria in the Salivary Glands of the Larva of Drosophila Melanogaster

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (8) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
W. SIANG HSU
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Storage Granules ◽  
Reserve Food

1. The salivary glands in the larvae of Drosophila show evidence of serving two functions: (1) production of digestive secretion, (2) accumulation of reserve food for the period of pupation. The two functions proceed simultaneously within the same cell during certain stages of its development. 2. A single droplet of digestive material has been seen to originate and grow within each Golgi body in the gland-cells. When a certain size is reached the droplet is released into the cytoplasm and by the fusion of two or more of them bigger vacuoles are formed. The secretory material is discharged into the lumen by means of a merocrine mechanism. Neither mitochondria nor nucleus has been observed to take any visible part in the elaboration of secretion droplets. 3. The storage granules found in older and larger cells have been observed to be direct transformations of chondriomites, and neither the Golgi material nor the nucleus shows any sign of participation in the formation of these granules. 4. From the standpoint of morphology and behaviour, the Golgi bodies found in the salivary gland cells are the same as found in the cells of the glandular portion of the proventriculus and the epithelium of the anterior portion of the midgut of the larva. 5. My observations do not lend themselves convincingly to a two-component conception of the structure of Golgi bodies.

scholarly journals Identification of primary lysosomes in human megakaryocytes and platelets

Blood ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Bentfeld-Barker ◽  
DF Bainton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cytoplasmic Maturation ◽  
Normal Human Bone Marrow

Abstract The presence of lysosomal enzymes in human platelets is well documented; the identity of the “lysosome,” however, has been the subject of some disagreement. In order to determine the time of appearance and subcellular localization of two lysosomal enzymes in megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets, we examined normal human bone marrow and blood by electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Acid phosphatase (AcPase) was present in the Golgi region in the youngest recognizable MK, as well as in those with a considerable degree of cytoplasmic maturation. Heavy reaction product was usually confined to one or two Golgi-associated cisternae and coated vesicles; other Golgi cisternae were sometimes lightly reactive. In mature MK, reaction product was limited to vesicles of variable size, but smaller than alpha-granules. Another lysosomal enzyme, arylsulfatase (AS), was localized in similar small vesicles in MK of all stages; it could not be demonstrated in the Golgi complex. Vesicles containing AS were also found in about 25% of platelet profiles, whereas vesicles containing AcPase were found in only about 15% of platelet profiles. The alpha-granules of all MK and platelets examined were negative for both enzymes. We conclude that the enzyme-containing vesicles in these cells constitute the lysosomes and that they are distinct from other platelet organelles. Since there was no evidence that they had participated in any digestive event, we believe that they are primary lysosomes, whose contents are secreted during platelet aggregation and the release reaction.

scholarly journals Endomembrane architecture and dynamics during secretion of the extracellular matrix of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 3323-3339 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Domozych ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Kattia Palacio-Lopez ◽  
Reagan Reed ◽  
Susan Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Endomembrane System ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Colonization Of Land

Abstract The extracellular matrix (ECM) of many charophytes, the assemblage of green algae that are the sister group to land plants, is complex, produced in large amounts, and has multiple essential functions. An extensive secretory apparatus and endomembrane system are presumably needed to synthesize and secrete the ECM, but structural details of such a system have not been fully characterized. Penium margaritaceum is a valuable unicellular model charophyte for studying secretion dynamics. We report that Penium has a highly organized endomembrane system, consisting of 150–200 non-mobile Golgi bodies that process and package ECM components into different sets of vesicles that traffic to the cortical cytoplasm, where they are transported around the cell by cytoplasmic streaming. At either fixed or transient areas, specific cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete their constituents. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was observed to occur in one location of the Golgi body and sometimes in unique Golgi hybrids. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A caused disruption of the Golgi body, and inhibition of EPS secretion and cell wall expansion. The structure of the endomembrane system in Penium provides mechanistic insights into how extant charophytes generate large quantities of ECM, which in their ancestors facilitated the colonization of land.

scholarly journals RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC COMPARISON OF THE UPTAKE OF GALACTOSE-H3 AND GLUCOSE-H3 IN THE GOLGI REGION OF VARIOUS CELLS SECRETING GLYCOPROTEINS OR MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

1966 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Neutra ◽  
C. P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Surface Coat ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Complex Carbohydrates ◽  
Secretion Product ◽  
Columnar Cells ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

The radioautographic distribution of the label of galactose-H3 was compared with that of glucose-H3 in a series of secretory cells of the rat. Whereas the glucose label appeared in all mucous cells, the galactose label was incorporated only into certain mucous cells. Whenever either label was incorporated, however, it was located first in the Golgi region and later in the secretion product, mucus. Several lines of evidence, including extraction of glucose label with peracetic acid—beta glucuronidase, indicated that the material synthesized in the Golgi region was glycoprotein in nature. In chondrocytes, both the galactose and the glucose label appeared first in the Golgi region and later in cartilage matrix; extraction of glucose label with hyaluronidase indicated that much of it consisted of mucopolysaccharide. In all secretory cells, the extraction of glycogen by amylase had no effect on Golgi radioactivity. Such extraction did not eliminate the scattered cytoplasmic label also seen after glucose-H3 injection, but completely eliminated that seen after galactose-H3. Consequently, the galactose-H3 label in the Golgi region stood out more clearly, and was detected in many cells: pancreas, liver, epididymis, and intestinal columnar cells. In the latter, label later appeared in the surface coat. Thus, radioautography after injection of galactose-H3, as after glucose-H3, indicates that synthesis of complex carbohydrates takes place in the Golgi region of many secretory cells.

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