Memoirs: The Effects of Ultra-centrifuging the Oocytes of Lumbricus terrestris

1937 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (315) ◽  
pp. 471-486
Author(s):  
GERTRUDE M. NORMINTON
Keyword(s):  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Large Spherical

1. The ultra-centrifuged cell becomes stratified into four layers: fat, cytoplasm containing the nucleus and Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and a clear substance. 2. The fairly large spherical, greyish bodies seen in the living oocytes of Lumbricus are fat, not Golgi bodies. This fat contains cholesterol. 3. The Golgi bodies are slightly curved, or straight rods, found, in the ultra-centrifuged cell, in a layer placed centrifugally to the nucleus. 4. The neutral-red granules are artifacts. If centrifuged they collect beside and beyond the nucleus. 5. The mitochondria are granular and may become alined into chains. 6. The heaviest substance in the cell is probably a fluid.

The Cytoplasmic Cytology of Sarcoma 180

1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (24) ◽  
pp. 413-426
Author(s):  
LEONARD G. WORLEY ◽  
HERMAN W. SPATER
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Sarcoma 180 ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Alkaline And Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Golgi Zone ◽  
Large Spherical

Typical sarcoma 180 cells present a large spherical lipoid or Golgi zone adjacent to the nucleus within which discrete, homogeneous and vesicular, Golgi bodies (lipochondria) are distributed. No Golgi network can be detected in the living cell, but such networks may be produced artificially by means of hypertonic solutions and by shrinking vitally stained cells. All of the cytoplasm, except the lipoid zone, is strongly basiphil owing to the presence of ribonucleic acid. Mitochondria, mostly rod shaped, form a halo of variable width surrounding the lipoid zone except adjacent to the nucleus. These lie partly within the ribonucleic acid containing cytoplasm. Tests for glycogen, alkaline, and acid phosphatase, and for lipase are largely negative. A positive reaction to Bourne's test for ascorbic acid is given by many of the lipochondria.

Metallothionein expression and Neutral Red uptake as biomarkers of metal exposure and effect in Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris exposed to Cd

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. S233-S238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vega Asensio ◽  
Peter Kille ◽  
Andrew John Morgan ◽  
Manu Soto ◽  
Ionan Marigomez
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Neutral Red Uptake

Memoirs: Observations on the Effect of the Ultracentrifuge on some Free-living Flagellates

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (312) ◽  
pp. 615-635
Author(s):  
RUTH PATTEN ◽  
HAROLD W. BEAMS
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Morphological Polarity ◽  
Clear Cytoplasm ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Anterior Posterior

1. When the three species of free-living flagellates employed in this investigation are subjected to the high centrifugal force obtained by the use of the air-driven centrifuge, stratification of the cytoplasmic components and inclusions takes place. 2. This stratification is most noticeable in the chlorophyll bearing Euglena. The chloroplasts form a belt having on the centrifugal side paramylum and neutral-red bodies, while the clear cytoplasm containing small spherical bodies, probably mitochondria, is at the centripetal pole 3. This stratification is a temporary process. Complete redistribution of the parts can take place. The orientation of the stratification is not dependent on the morphological polarity of the organism. The heaviest components may occupy the anterior, posterior, or lateral part of the organism. 4. There is no evidence that the bodies which stain intra vitally with neutral red are homologous with the Golgi bodies of the metazoa. On the contrary there is some new evidence to support the findings of Baker (1933) that these bodies stainable with neutral red give a metachromatic reaction with Meyer's methylene-blue method, and are therefore probably identical with volutin. We have reached no satisfactory conclusion regarding what structures represent the Golgi apparatus. The theories put forward by other observers are briefly discussed. 5. Fixatives containing osmic acid show spherical bodies close to the periphery of the organism. They are not moved by the centrifugal force. 6. Short notes are given on the effect of the ultra-centrifuge on Menoidium sp. and on Chilomonas paramecium. As in Euglena the heaviest materials in Menoidium are the paramylum and bodies stainable with neutral red. In Chilomonas starch grains and neutral-red-stainable bodies are displaced to the centrifugal pole. In control specimens of Menoidium there is sometimes a natural stratification to be observed the paramylum and neutral-red bodies being gathered together usually at the anterior end of the organism.

The Morphology of the Golgi Bodies with Reference to Secretion in the Liver-cells of the Slug, Anadenus Altivagus, as seen under the Phase-Contrast Microscope

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
RAJINDER RISHI
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscope ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Contrast Microscope ◽  
Dark Contrast

Golgi bodies in the living liver-cells of the slug, Anadenus altivagus, exist in two forms: (a) homogeneous granules or spheres of dark contrast, and (b) spheres showing a duplex structure with a light greyish internum and a dark externum, which may be single or composite. The greyish internum of these duplex spheroids grows into the secretory granules, the dark externum disappearing in the process of growth. Mitochondria appear as fibres of light greyish contrast with a dark granule at each tip. This dark granule disassociates itself from the mitochondrion and forms the Golgi granule of dark contrast--the Golgi ‘pre-substance’. The Golgi pre-substance, stainable with neutral red, forms the Golgi spheroids.

scholarly journals Study of Golgi apparatus and vacuolar system of cavia, helix, and abraxas, by intra-vital methods

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (731) ◽  
pp. 302-321 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Camillo Golgi

Up to a few years ago, cytologists in general had accepted the view that the animal cell consisted of a nucleus and a cytoplasm containing granulations of two-types, Golgi bodies which had the power of forming vesicles, and mito-chondria or chondriosomes. Most people have been reluctant to admit the presence of a third cytoplasmic constituent, apart from the centrosome. Recently Parat and his school of workers have claimed that the cell has a system of vacuoles, containing a substance stainable especially in neutral-red, and that this system is the homologue of the Golgi apparatus of nerve cells, first demonstrated by Camillo Golgi.

Memoirs: Improved Technique for Non-aseptic Tissue Culture of Helix aspersa, with Notes on Nolluscan Cytology

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (303) ◽  
pp. 331-352
Author(s):  
J. BRONTË GATENBY ◽  
JOYCE C. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Mitotic Figure ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Improved Technique

1. By keeping pieces of mantle cavity wall in Hédon Fleig saline it is possible to make cultures which grow out for about five days. After that time the bacteria have increased so enormously that growth is checked, though the cultures will live for several weeks longer in a suspended condition. 2. The main type of cell which grows out is an amoeboid element, identical, it is believed, with the general connective elements of the normal tissue of the snail. 3. Neutral red stains, is segregated, or is deposited in thevarious categories of cells, in various ways. For example, in spermatocytes it appears almost always inside the Golgi apparatus, thus forming with the dictyosomes a ‘zône de Golgi’ of Parat. In the pulmonary epithelial cells the neutral red at once stains the pre-formed granules which are visible in unstained living cells. These granules are not directly related to the Golgi bodies. In amoebocytes the neutral red appears principally as large segregated globules, anywhere in the cytoplasm. Finally, into the mantle epithelial cells it is difficult to get neutral red, when other cells are already well stained. 4. The only homologous bodies in the cytoplasm of these various categories of cells are the Golgi bodies and mitochondria. 5. In no case has a mitotic figure been found in any Helix culture. Cells suggesting division by amitosis are commonest when the cultures are growing out fastest.

Extrusion of earthworm coelomocytes: comparison of the cell populations recovered from the species Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia fetida and Octolasion tyrtaeum

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diogéne ◽  
M. Dufour ◽  
G. G. Poirier ◽  
D. Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Holding Device ◽  
Octolasion Tyrtaeum

Coelomocytes were extruded from three earthworm species: Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia fetida and Octolasion tyrtaeum. Featuring a simple low-vacuum holding device, the proposed methodology allows the recovery of cells with minimum risk of contamination by faecal material. The viability of O. tyrtaeum coelomocytes was highly reproducible (average 93%), with an average yield of 0.92 × 106 viable cells per earthworm. Cell viability for L. terrestris and E. fetida averaged ~68% but the cell yields were higher (respectively 1.67 × 106 and 1.28 × 106). Large inter-individual differences in cell yields were observed with L. terrestris. Flow cytometric analyses indicated species to species differences in cell populations. Coelomocytes from E. fetida were the smallest with ~57% of the total viable cells recovered being monitored between 2 and 10 µm. Large granulated cells (≥20 µm) were detected in fairly large proportions in L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum [~52 and ~96%, respectively) while they were less abundant in E.fetida (~9%). Using the vital dye neutral red to assess functional integrity, average cellular uptakes were significantly higher for L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum than for E. fetida (2.94, 2.66 and 0.64 µg/2 × 105 cells, respectively). In summary, the extrusion methodology herein described is applicable for the recovery of coelomocytes from a wide range of earthworm sizes and species. Moreover, this study strengthens the fact that extruded coelomocytes could be used for the evaluation of cell dysfunction and/or cell death following an in vitro and/or in vivo treatment.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Certain Insects

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Homogeneous Structure ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Basic Dyes ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the thoracic neurones of fifth instar and immature adults of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., and of adults of the water-bug, Laccotrepkes rubra Fabr., has been made by employing the latest cytological techniques and phasecontrast microscopy. The mitochondria are seen as granules stainable in life with Janus green. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in fixed preparations. The Golgi bodies (lipochondria of Shafiq) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil spheroids. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure. There is a chromophil, cortical, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Schistocerca) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Laccotrephes), and a chromophobe medulla stainable with the basic dyes, neutral red and methylene blue. The smaller Golgi bodies in Schistocerca show a homogeneous structure. The Golgi bodies have not been observed to be engaged in any secretory activity. Neurofibrillae have been observed in the neurones of the insects studied.

scholarly journals Further Remarks on the Golgi Element

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (11) ◽  
pp. 293-307
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Golgi Element ◽  
Structural Plan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Secretion Product ◽  
Element Set

1. The Golgi element has been reinvestigated in the same kinds of cells as were the subject of the author's 1944 paper. 2. Two new methods have been used, namely, phase-contrast microscopy and an improved form of the sudan black technique, in which the tissues are postchromed at 60° C. 3. The Golgi element consists of separate bodies, spheroid in shape. These Golgi bodies may be simple (i.e. non-vacuolate), or may contain one or more vacuoles. The material of the simple Golgi body and of the externum of the vacuolate body is a lipoid that in some cases can be shown to contain lipine. The secretion-product of the Golgi body originates in the vacuole. 4. The opinion as to the structural plan of the Golgi element set out in the earlier paper has been confirmed in the main. There are, however, two exceptions to this: (a) The vacuole in the Golgi body does not invariably colour with neutral red, and this dye occasionally causes the appearance of vacuoles not present before, both within the Golgi region and in other parts of the cytoplasm. (b) ‘Diffuse lipoid’ is not a characteristic feature of the Golgi element.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document