A Study on Evaluation of Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase Isozymes During Different Developmental Stages of New Breeding Lines and Races of Bombyx mori L

It is interesting to note that different silkworm races reared in laboratory offer an important testing ground for the application of biochemical methods to taxonomic problems. Moreover, there is scarcity of knowledge on enzyme studies in new breeding lines and races of silkworm specially Bombyx mori L. Therefore, we designed the present study with the main goal to evaluate the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases quantitatively during different developmental stages of new breeding lines and races viz. Kalimpong-A (KA), B18, Pure Mysore (PM), evolved R1 and R2 of Bombyx mori L. Quantitative estimations of in alkaline and acid phosphatases were expressed in terms of enzyme activity. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities during the different developmental stages of KA, NB18, PM, evolved R1 & R2 races were determined using Sodium-1 naphthahyl phosphate as a substrate following the dye-coupling method. The assay mixture included 2 ml of substrate and 0.2 ml of enzyme extract and incubation was made for 30 minutes at 25°c. The reaction was stopped by adding 2 ml of post coupling solution (5 parts of 4% sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2 parts of 0.2% Fast red TR salt) and colorimetric determination were made at 540 nm. Results illustrated that the activity of phosphatases was found to be different and high activity was found in the larval stage, which is feeding stage followed by pupae.

Effect of Pesticides on Enzymatic Activity in Soil

The focus of this article is to provide informations about soil enzymatic activity as a biological indicator for impacts of pesticides on soils. In this experiment, an ecological soil was treated with two types of fungicide (Ridomil Gold and Bravo 500) and two of insecticides (Mospilan 20SG and Vertimec 1.8% EC). The pesticides were assessed for their effect on different enzymatic activities. They were administrated over a 28 days period and the samples of soil were taken once every 7 days and analyzed in the laboratory. For each sample was determined the enzymatic activity, pH, humidity. The enzymatic activity was assessed using colorimetrical methods. Enzymes chosen for this study were cellulase, amylase, xylanase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase. Results shown that the enzymatic activity can increase or decrease when the soil was treated with the fungicides and insecticides chosen for this experiment.

Effect of ecological and conventional managements on soil enzymatic activities in coffee agroecosystems

ABSTRACT Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on soil quality indicators, such as enzymatic activities, is of great importance, in order to advance in their diagnosis and sustainable management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ecological and conventional agricultural managements on enzymatic activities of a soil under coffee agroecosystems. The enzymatic activities were associated with the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (urease and protease), phosphorus (acid and alkaline phosphatase) and carbon (β-glucosidase), during the rainy and dry seasons. Physical-chemical soil proprieties were also assessed and related to resilience scores linked to the climatic variability reported for the areas under study. The activities of urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and ß-glucosidase were statistically higher in ecological agroecosystems than in conventional ones. This may be attributed to the greater application of organic waste in the ecological environment, as well as to the absence of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, which allow better conditions for the microbial activity. The resilience scores to the climate variability that showed the highest correlations with the assessed enzymatic activities were: the farmers' knowledge on soil microorganisms, non-use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers and non-dependence on external supplies. It was concluded that the enzymatic activities are modified by the management systems, being specifically favored by the ecological management. This agroecosystem, in the long term, ensures an efficient use of the soil resources, with a lower degradation and contamination.

Impact of poultry manure fertilization on chemical and biochemical properties of soils

The aim of the research was to evaluate the chemical properties and enzymatic activity of arable soils which, for the period of 10 years, were fertilized with poultry manure (PM). Fertilization with PM resulted in a significant increase in the content of organic carbon and total exchangeable bases in soil. The application of that fertilizer increased the pH value. Fertilization with PM also slightly increased the total content of copper, manganese and iron. There was found, however, a significant increase in the total content of Zn. The annual application of 10 tonnes of PM significantly increased the content of phosphorus and potassium available to plants. That fertilizer inhibited the activity of both alkaline and acid phosphatase, which must be related to a very high content of phosphorus available to plants. Poultry manure resulted in higher values of the biological index of fertility of soil, whereas the activity of phosphomonoesterases was significantly lower.

FAMES AND MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN THE SUPPRESSION OF CASSAVA ROOT ROT BY ORGANIC MATTER

ABSTRACT The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15:0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani.

The quality and health of soil in terms of sustainable land use

Soil quality represents the ability of the soil to secure environmental functions in a particular way of using it. Health of soil expresses protection and increasing biological productivity, environmental quality and health promotion of all living forms, including humans. This study presents the results of long-term monitoring and evaluation of selected parameters of soil in terms of sustainable land use in the marginal areas of the northeastern Slovakia During 1997–2013 (48º57'N, 20°05'E). Physical (bulk density, porosity), chemical (pH, anorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and organic carbon content) and biological (soil enzyme activity – urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase) soil properties and available heavy metal content (Cd, Pb and Ni) were monitored and statistically evaluated. The results show that in assessing the quality of soil and environmental pollution of soil the microbial parameters (activity of soil enzymes) appear to be useful. These parameters rapidly respond to environmental stress and can lead to changes in physical and chemical properties leading to early detection of soil degradation.

Mineral fertilisation as a factor determining selected sorption properties of soil against the activityof phosphatases

The paper presents the contents of phosphorus and potassium available in soil, soil sorption properties against the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase. The fertilisation applied involved P, K, Mg, Ca and S: (P K Mg Ca S), (K Mg Ca S), (P Mg Ca S), (P K Ca S), (P K Mg S), (P K Mg Ca) as well as nitrogen fertilisation at the following rates: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg N/ha. The application of high nitrogen rates with no liming applied resulted in an unfavourable increase in hydrolytic acidity and a decrease in the total bases, cation exchange capacity as well as the sorption complex saturation with bases. According to the criteria provided in PN-R-04023, the soil investigated can be classified as the 3^rd class with an average available phosphorus (P_E-R). The analysis of Luvisol salinity demonstrated that the unbalanced mineral fertilisation applied did not trigger any chemical degradation. Significant values of the coefficients of correlation were recorded between the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase and the parameters investigated (hydrolytic acidity, total exchangeable, base stauration, P_E-R). The calculated enzymatic index of soil pH (AlP/AcP) ranged from 0.11 to 0.72.

Enzymatic activity of the Kuyavia Mollic Gleysols (Poland) against their chemical properties

The research results have shown that the enzyme pH index (0.49–0.83) confirmed the neutral or alkaline nature of the soils. Neither the changes in the content of available phosphorus nor in the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase, alkaline and acid phosphatase in soil were due to the factors triggering soil salinity; they were a result of the naturally high content of carbon of organic compounds, which was statistically verified with the analysis of correlation between the parameters. There were recorded highly significant values of the coefficients of correlation between the content of available phosphorus in soil and the activity of alkaline (r = 0.96; P < 0.05) and acid phosphatase (r = 0.91; P < 0.05) as well as dehydrogenase (r = 0.90; P < 0.05). To sum up, one can state that Mollic Gleysols in Inowrocław are the soils undergoing seasonal salinity; however, a high content of ions responsible for salinity is balanced with a high content of organic carbon, humus, phosphorus and calcium directly affecting the fertility of the soils analyzed. The activity of the enzymes depended on the natural content of carbon of organic compounds and not on the factors affecting the soil salinity, which points to the potential of such tests for soil environment monitoring.