The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. II. Activation of central motoneurones and muscles by sensory input

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Ferguson ◽  
P. R. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Withdrawal Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of centrally located motoneurones in producing the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) was investigated. The motoneurones innervating the muscles used during whole-body withdrawal, the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) were cells with a high resting potential (−60 to −70 mV) and thus a high threshold for spike initiation. In both semi-intact and isolated brain preparations these motoneurones showed very little spontaneous spike activity. When spontaneous firing was seen it could be correlated with the occurrence of two types of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). One was a unitary EPSP that occasionally caused the initiation of single action potentials. The second was a larger-amplitude, long-duration (presumably compound) EPSP that caused the motoneurones to fire a burst of high-frequency action potentials. This second type of EPSP activity was associated with spontaneous longitudinal contractions of the body in semi-intact preparations. Tactile stimulation of the skin of Lymnaea evoked EPSPs in the CM and DLM motoneurones and in some other identified cells. These EPSPs summated and usually caused the motoneurone to fire action potentials, thus activating the withdrawal response muscles and causing longitudinal contraction of the semi-intact animal. Stimulating different areas of the body wall demonstrated that there was considerable sensory convergence on the side of the body ipsilateral to stimulation, but less on the contralateral side. Photic (light off) stimulation of the skin of Lymnaea also initiated EPSPs in CM and DLM motoneurones and in some other identified cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Cutting central nerves demonstrated that the reception of this sensory input was mediated by dermal photoreceptors distributed throughout the epidermis. The activation of the CM and DLM motoneurones by sensory input of the modalities that normally cause the whole-body withdrawal of the intact animal demonstrates that these motoneurones have the appropriate electrophysiological properties for the role of mediating whole-body withdrawal.

The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. I. Identification of central motoneurones and muscles

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Ferguson ◽  
P. R. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Weakly Coupled ◽  
Synchronous Contraction ◽  
Withdrawal Response

Two muscle systems mediated the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis: the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM). The CM was innervated by the columellar nerves and contracted longitudinally to shorten the ventral head-foot complex and to pull the shell forward and down over the body. The DLM was innervated by the superior and inferior cervical nerves and the left and right parietal nerves. During whole-body withdrawal, the DLM contracted synchronously with the CM and shortened the dorsal head-foot longitudinally. The CM and the DLM were innervated by a network of motoneurones. The somata of these cells were located in seven ganglia of the central nervous system (CNS), but were especially concentrated in the bilaterally symmetrical A clusters of the cerebral ganglia. The CM was innervated by cells in the cerebral and pedal ganglia and the DLM by cells in the cerebral, pedal, pleural and left parietal ganglia. Individual motoneurones innervated large, but discrete, areas of muscle, which often overlapped with those innervated by other motoneurones. Motoneuronal action potentials evoked one-for-one non-facilitating excitatory junction potentials within muscle fibres. No all-or-nothing action potentials were recorded in the CM or DLM, and they did not appear to be innervated by inhibitory motoneurones. The whole network of motoneurones was electrotonically coupled, with most cells on one side of the CNS strongly coupled to each other but weakly coupled to cells on the contralateral side of the CNS. This electrotonic coupling between motoneurones is probably important in producing synchronous contraction of the CM and DLM when the animal retracts its head-foot complex during whole-body withdrawal.

scholarly journals The role of ozone therapy in maintaining the articular function and in relieving the pain for patients with knee osteoarthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciobotaru Camelia ◽  
Iliescu Madalina ◽  
Mandru Tatiana ◽  
Panait Marilena ◽  
Arghir Oana
Keyword(s):  
Blood Stream ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Immunomodulatory Action ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Ozone Therapy is thought to be a non-pharmacological therapy, which makes use of oxygen and ozone, It is based on the ozone characteristics, such as the antibacterial and antimycotic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, of systemic modulation of homeostasy and of the optimization of the way the organs and systems function, but also of tissue bionourishing. Some of the beneficial effects of the ozone are: the enhancement of the oxygen supply in the tissues affected by inflammation and pain, the increase of the blood stream and the removal of the metabolic waste in the joints affected, the obstruction of the substances which maintain the inflammation and pain, an immunomodulatory action upon the whole body, the stimulation of the health improving mechanisms in the body, a mio-relaxing action and thus, a better joint mobility and a better body system functioning

The Withdrawal Response of a Freshwater Snail (Lymnaea Stagnalis L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-796
Author(s):  
ANTHONY COOK
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Response Decrement ◽  
Withdrawal Response ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Incremental Process ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Electrical stimulation of a variety of nerves towards the brain results in movements of the neck of the snail similar to those associated with the withdrawal response of the intact animal. 2. The columellar and cervical nerves mediate most of the movements being measured. 3. Repetition of the stimuli results in a decline in response amplitude which is complicated by a superimposed incremental process which is itself subject to a decremental process as stimuli are repeated. 4. As stimuli are repeated the response latency increases. 5. Consecutive stimulation of pairs of nerves indicates that the response decrement is specific to the nerve being stimulated. 6. The involvement of the pleuro-pedal connectives in the response has been demonstrated both in a semi-intact preparation stimulated electrically and in a free-roaming animal treated surgically and stimulated visually. 7. Visual stimuli associated with the withdrawal response are detected by photoreceptors on the head and in the mantle.

Tetrodotoxin-resistant release of ATP from superfused rabbit detrusor muscle during electrical field stimulation in the presence of luciferin–luciferase

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Chaudhry ◽  
John W. Downie ◽  
Thomas D. White
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Rabbit Bladder ◽  
Firefly Luciferin ◽  
Rabbit Urinary Bladder ◽  
Stimulation Of

The present study was carried out to assess the possible role of ATP in the noncholinergic, nonadrenergic transmission in the rabbit urinary bladder. When rabbit detrusor muscle strips were superfused with medium containing firefly luciferin–luciferase and stimulated transmurally at low stimulation parameters, tetrodotoxin-sensitive contractions were obtained but no release of ATP could be detected. However, at somewhat higher stimulation parameters, release of ATP was observed. This release of ATP was not diminished by tetrodotoxin indicating that ATP was not likely released as a result of propagated action potentials in nerves. Because contractions persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, it is possible that the ATP might have been released as a result of direct electrical stimulation of the muscle. These results do not support the idea that ATP is released as a neurotransmitter in the rabbit bladder.

Structure and Function of the Lateral Giant Neurone of the Primitive Crustacean Anaspides Tasmaniae

1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
GERALD E. SILVEY ◽  
IAN S. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Giant Neurone ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The syncarid crustacean Anaspides tasmaniae rapidly flexes its free thoracic and abdominal segments in response to tactile stimulation of its body. This response decrements but recovers in slightly more than one hour. The fast flexion is evoked by single action potentials in the lateral of two large diameter fibres (40 μm) which lie on either side of the cord. The lateral giant fibre is made up of fused axons of 11 neurones, one in each of the last 5 thoracic and 6 abdominal ganglia. The soma of each neurone lies contralateral to the axon. Its neurite crosses that of its counterpart in the commissure and gives out dendrites into the neuropile of each hemiganglion. The lateral giant neurone receives input from the whole body but fires in response only to input from the fourth thoracic segment posteriorly. Both fibres respond with tactile stimulation of only one side. Since neither current nor action potentials spread from one fibre to the other, afferents must synapse with both giant neurones. The close morphological and physiological similarities of the lateral giant neurone in Anaspides to that in the crayfish (Eucarida) suggest that the lateral giant system arose in the ancestor common to syncarids and eucarids, prior to the Carboniferous.

scholarly journals Collagen drinks for functional nutrition

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
L. V. Antipova ◽  
S. A. Storublevtsev ◽  
A. A. Getmanova
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Energy Functions ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Experimental Laboratory

In the process of life of the body continuously consumed nutrients that perform plastic and energy functions. The source of nutrients is a variety of foods, consisting of a complex of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, which in the process of digestion are converted into digestible substances. Collagen is the basis of connective tissue and binds the cells in the tissues, creates the frame of the whole body. The gastrointestinal tract, as a system of organs, is no exception and is designed process and extract nutrients from food. Most organs consist of connective tissue, accounting for 60–90% of their mass, which confirms its importance and the role of collagen in this regard can not be estimated. Collagen functions in the body are diverse, one of the main - part in digestion, the violation of which is the cause of diseases such as gastritis and ulcers. For the prevention and treatment of such diseases are very useful liquid collagen-containing food in the form of functional drinks. Developed and obtained in the experimental laboratory a variety of drinks on a collagen basis, with the use of additional broth with sea buckthorn pulp, tincture of dried chicory root powder and broth with the flesh of Jerusalem artichoke. An invaluable contribution to the therapeutic and preventive actions of all these components is proved not only scientifically, but also time-tested.

Unit Activity in the Abdominal Nerve Cord of a Dragonfly NYMPH

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
ANN FIELDEN ◽  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Dragonfly Nymph ◽  
Peripheral Area ◽  
Segmental Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Electrical activity of single units has been studied in small bundles of nerve fibres split off from the connectives between abdominal ganglia of the dragonfly nymph. Many units showed a resting discharge but activity of other units was only found when the insect was stimulated mechanically. 2. In some fibres the resting discharge was unaffected by mechanical stimulation and such spontaneous activity showed different patterns. These units were identified as interneurones and a prominent feature of their discharge was an irregular firing over long periods and the formation of characteristic intermittent bursts. 3. Responses to tactile or proprioceptive stimulation were investigated in primary sensory fibres and interneurones. The latter showed excitatory and inhibitory effects which were often related to the site of the peripheral stimulus. 4. Primary sensory fibres generally gave action potentials of smaller amplitude and were excited by stimulation of more localized areas. Many fibres traverse at least one connective after they enter a segmental ganglion and most ascend or descend ipsilaterally, but some crossing-over of sensory fibres occurs in the ganglia. 5. Interneurones were classified according to the nature of the peripheral areas from which they received their input. Ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral fibres have all been found but so far there is no evidence for any asymmetric fibres. Fibres responding to stimulation of a single segment or of many segments were found. Some of the latter extended over the whole length of the body and it is clear that spikes may be initiated in many of the ganglia through which an interneurone passes. 6. It is evident from this work that a given peripheral area is represented centrally by many interneurones and a great deal of convergence from different areas may occur on individual interneurones.

Coordination of locomotor and cardiorespiratory networks of Lymnaea stagnalis by a pair of identified interneurones

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Syed ◽  
W. Winlow
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Selective Ablation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Bilateral Pair ◽  
Left And Right

1. The morphology and electrophysiology of a newly identified bilateral pair of interneurones in the central nervous system of the pulmonate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is described. 2. These interneurones, identified as left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), are electrically coupled to each other as well as to a large number of foot and body wall motoneurones, forming a fast-acting neural network which coordinates the activities of foot and body wall muscles. 3. The left and right sides of the body wall of Lymnaea are innervated by left and right cerebral A cluster neurones. Although these motoneurones have only ipsilateral projections, they are indirectly electrically coupled to their contralateral homologues via their connections with L/RPeD11. Similarly, the activities of left and right pedal G cluster neurones, which are known to be involved in locomotion, are also coordinated by L/RPeD11. 4. Selective ablation of both neurones PeD11 results in the loss of coordination between the bilateral cerebral A clusters. 5. Interneurones L/RPeD11 are multifunctional. In addition to coordinating motoneuronal activity, they make chemical excitatory connections with heart motoneurones. They also synapse upon respiratory motoneurones, hyperpolarizing those involved in pneumostome opening (expiration) and depolarizing those involved in pneumostome closure (inspiration). 6. An identified respiratory interneurone involved in pneumostome closure (visceral dorsal 4) inhibits L/RPeD11 together with all their electrically coupled follower cells. 7. Both L/RPeD11 have strong excitatory effects on another pair of electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 and right parietal dorsal 2, which have previously been shown to be sensitive to changes in the partial pressure of environmental oxygen (PO2). 8. Although L/RPeD11 participate in whole-body withdrawal responses, electrical stimulation applied directly to these neurones was not sufficient to induce this behaviour.

Sex, Work, and the Victorians

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sexual Deviance ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Stimulation Of

Focusing on Victorian England, this chapter examines how sex was increasingly constructed as something that was primarily biological in nature, and how this was bound up with discourses of prostitution as a threat to the reproduction of the body politic. In the first section, the author considers how the pathologization of commercial sex as abnormal and unhealthy worked to naturalize the public/private split on which capitalist development rested. In the second section, the author connects the medical, moral, and juridical regulation of sex work to the suppression and stimulation of other modes of sexual deviance including homosexuality. In the final section, the author explores the role of race and empire in constituting white, bourgeois sexuality as natural, privileged, and the antithesis of commercialized sex.

Effect of sodium deficiency of the action potential of the smooth muscle of ureter

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kobayashi ◽  
Hiroshi Irisawa
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Sodium Deficiency ◽  
Repolarization Phase ◽  
Extracellular Sodium

Action potentials of the smooth muscle of cat ureter were studied by using ultramicroelectrodes. Among 193 penetrations, the resting potential averaged 45 mv and the amplitude of action potential 32 mv. In four instances a slight overshoot was recorded. Action potential consisted of a relatively rapid rising phase followed by a slow repolarization phase, and its duration was about 0.3 sec. Effects of sodium deficiency on action potential were studied by using three different sodium substitutes. Both the height and the rising rate of action potential decreased as the concentration of extracellular sodium was reduced, indicating that the action potential of ureter muscle can be explained on the basis of sodium theory. The duration of the action potential was prolonged when sucrose or choline chloride was used as a sodium substitute; on the other hand, it shortened when tris chloride was employed. The essential role of sodium ions in the development of the action potential in ureter muscle is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document