scholarly journals Remote Control of the Swimmeret Central Pattern Generator in Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii and Pacifastacus Leniusculus): Effect of a Walking Leg Proprioceptor

1992 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL CATTAERT ◽  
JEAN-YVES BARTHE ◽  
DOUGLAS M. NEIL ◽  
FRANCOIS CLARAC
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Disruptive Effect ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. An isolated preparation of the crayfish nervous system, comprising both the thoracic and the abdominal ganglia together with their nerve roots, has been used to study the influence of a single leg proprioceptor, the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CBCO), on the fictive swimmeret beating consistently expressed in this preparation. Both mechanical stimulation of the CBCO and electrical stimulation of its nerve were used. 2. In preparations not displaying rhythmic activity, electrical or mechanical stimulations evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in about 30 % of the studied motor neurones with a fairly short and regular delay, suggesting an oligosynaptic pathway. Such stimulation could evoke rhythmic activity in swimmeret motor nerves. The evoked swimmeret rhythm often continued for several seconds after the stimulus period. 3. When the swimmeret rhythm was well established, electrical and mechanical stimuli modified it in a number of ways. Limited mechanical or weak electrical stimuli produced a small increase in swimmeret beat frequency, while more extreme movements of the CBCO or strong electrical stimuli had a disruptive effect on the rhythm. 4. The effect of low-intensity stimulation on existing swimmeret beating was phase-dependent: it shortened the beat cycle when applied during the powerstroke phase and lengthened it when applied during the retumstroke phase. 5. Rhythmic mechanical stimulation of CBCO or electrical stimulation of the CBCO nerve entrained the swimmeret rhythm within a limited range in relative or absolute coordination. Note: To whom reprint requests should be sent.

Responses of primate spinothalamic tract neurons to electrical stimulation of hindlimb peripheral nerves

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Foreman ◽  
A. E. Applebaum ◽  
J. E. Beall ◽  
D. L. Trevino ◽  
W. D. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Spinothalamic Tract ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Lumbosacral Spinal Cord ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Stimulation Of

The responses of spinothalamic tract neurons were studied by extra- and intracellular recordings from the lumbosacral spinal cord in anesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The neurons were identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral diencephalon. They were then classified by the mildest form of mechanical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral hindlimb. The effects of electrical stimulation of the nerve(s) supplying the receptive field were investigated. Graded electrical stimulation revealed that the threshold responses of spinothalamic tract neurons excited by weak mechanical stimuli occurred when the largest afferent fibers were activated. On the other hand, neurons that required intense mechanical stimulation for their excitation tended to have higher thresholds to electrical stimulation. Some spinothalamic tract cells were shown to receive monosynaptic excitatory connections from peripheral nerve fibers, although polysynaptic connections may generally be more important. An input from unmyelinated afferent fibers was demonstrated. It is concluded the primate spinothalamic tract neurons receive a rich convergent input from a variety of cutaneous receptors. The experiments provide some evidence for the most likely types of receptors.

OVULATION FOLLOWING VAGINAL STIMULATION IN A SPONTANEOUS OVULATOR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. X. ZARROW ◽  
J. H. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Vaginal Tract ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Vaginal Stimulation

SUMMARY Ovulation was blocked in pregnant mare serum-treated immature rats by treatment with chlorpromazine. Reflex ovulation and hence luteinizing hormone release was induced by three procedures: (a) placing male rats with the treated females overnight, (b) mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix with a glass rod, and (c) electrical stimulation of the uterine cervix. Mating or mechanical stimulation induced ovulation in 77 and 82% of the rats, respectively. Electrical stimulation was least effective, causing ovulation in only 50%. The average number of ova released and the percentage of rats ovulating was found to be a function of the amount of mechanical stimulation with the glass rod. Pelvic neurotomy abolished the reflex ovulatory response. The stronger response obtained by coitus or mechanical stimuli indicated the possibility of receptor sites in the vaginal wall. This assumption was supported by the finding of penile spines in the rat. A survey of the literature indicates that penile spines are present in a variety of mammalian orders including the primates. The evolutionary relationships and implications of the existence of penile spines and reflex ovulation are discussed. It is suggested that man, like the rat and probably other species which ovulate spontaneously, also has the ability to ovulate after stimulation of the vaginal tract.

scholarly journals A Novel Bioreactor for the Mechanical Stimulation of Clinically Relevant Scaffolds for Muscle Tissue Engineering Purposes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Silvia Todros ◽  
Silvia Spadoni ◽  
Edoardo Maghin ◽  
Martina Piccoli ◽  
Piero G. Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Cellular Alignment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Muscular tissue regeneration may be enhanced in vitro by means of mechanical stimulation, inducing cellular alignment and the growth of functional fibers. In this work, a novel bioreactor is designed for the radial stimulation of porcine-derived diaphragmatic scaffolds aiming at the development of clinically relevant tissue patches. A Finite Element (FE) model of the bioreactor membrane is developed, considering two different methods for gripping muscular tissue patch during the stimulation, i.e., suturing and clamping with pliers. Tensile tests are carried out on fresh and decellularized samples of porcine diaphragmatic tissue, and a fiber-reinforced hyperelastic constitutive model is assumed to describe the mechanical behavior of tissue patches. Numerical analyses are carried out by applying pressure to the bioreactor membrane and evaluating tissue strain during the stimulation phase. The bioreactor designed in this work allows one to mechanically stimulate tissue patches in a radial direction by uniformly applying up to 30% strain. This can be achieved by adopting pliers for tissue clamping. Contrarily, the use of sutures is not advisable, since high strain levels are reached in suturing points, exceeding the physiological strain range and possibly leading to tissue laceration. FE analysis allows the optimization of the bioreactor configuration in order to ensure an efficient transduction of mechanical stimuli while preventing tissue damage.

Connections between thoraco-coxal proprioceptive afferents and motor neurons in the locust

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-445
Author(s):  
M. Wildman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
The Common ◽  
Proprioceptive Afferents ◽  
Stimulation Of

The position of the coxal segment of the locust hind leg relative to the thorax is monitored by a variety of proprioceptors, including three chordotonal organs and a myochordotonal organ. The sensory neurons of two of these proprioceptors, the posterior joint chordotonal organ (pjCO) and the myochordotonal organ (MCO), have axons in the purely sensory metathoracic nerve 2C (N2C). The connections made by these afferents with metathoracic motor neurons innervating thoraco-coxal and wing muscles were investigated by electrical stimulation of N2C and by matching postsynaptic potentials in motor neurons with afferent spikes in N2C. Stretch applied to the anterior rotator muscle of the coxa (M121), with which the MCO is associated, evoked sensory spikes in N2C. Some of the MCO afferent neurons make direct excitatory chemical synaptic connections with motor neurons innervating the thoraco-coxal muscles M121, M126 and M125. Parallel polysynaptic pathways via unidentified interneurons also exist between MCO afferents and these motor neurons. Connections with the common inhibitor 1 neuron and motor neurons innervating the thoraco-coxal muscles M123/4 and wing muscles M113 and M127 are polysynaptic. Afferents of the pjCO also make polysynaptic connections with motor neurons innervating thoraco-coxal and wing muscles, but no evidence for monosynaptic pathways was found.

Convergence of heterotopic nociceptive information onto neurons of caudal medullary reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1118-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Villanueva ◽  
K. D. Cliffer ◽  
L. S. Sorkin ◽  
D. Le Bars ◽  
W. D. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Nociceptive Information ◽  
Noxious Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Recordings were made in anesthetized monkeys from neurons in the medullary reticular formation (MRF) caudal to the obex. Responses of 19 MRF neurons to mechanical, thermal, and/or electrical stimulation were examined. MRF neurons exhibited convergence of nociceptive cutaneous inputs from widespread areas of the body and face. 2. MRF neurons exhibited low levels of background activity. Background activity increased after periods of intense cutaneous mechanical or thermal stimulation. Nearly all MRF neurons tested failed to respond to heterosensory stimuli (flashes, whistle sounds), and none responded to joint movements. 3. MRF neurons were excited by and encoded the intensity of noxious mechanical stimulation. Responses to stimuli on contralateral limbs were greater than those to stimuli on ipsilateral limbs. Responses were greater to stimuli on the forelimbs than to stimuli on the hindlimbs. 4. MRF neurons responded to noxious thermal stimulation (51 degrees C) of widespread areas of the body. Mean responses from stimulation at different locations were generally parallel to those for noxious mechanical stimulation. Responses increased with intensity of noxious thermal stimulation (45-50 degrees C). 5. MRF neurons responded with one or two peaks of activation to percutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the limbs, the face, or the tail. The differences in latency of responses to stimulating two locations along the tail suggested that activity was elicited by activation of peripheral fibers with a mean conduction velocity in the A delta range. Stimulation of the contralateral hindlimb elicited greater responses, with lower thresholds and shorter latencies, than did stimulation of the ipsilateral hindlimb. 6. Electrophysiological properties of monkey MRF neurons resembled those of neurons in the medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) in the rat. Neurons in the caudal medullary reticular formation could play a role in processing nociceptive information. Convergence of nociceptive cutaneous input from widespread areas of the body suggests that MRF neurons may contribute to autonomic, affective, attentional, and/or sensory-motor processes related to pain.

scholarly journals A Fully Implantable Miniaturized Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)-Based Spinal Cord Stimulator for Pain Control

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Seunghyeon Yun ◽  
Chin Su Koh ◽  
Jungmin Seo ◽  
Shinyong Shim ◽  
Minkyung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulator ◽  
Stimulation Threshold ◽  
Crystal Polymer ◽  
Stimulation Of

Spinal cord stimulation is a therapy to treat the severe neuropathic pain by suppressing the pain signal via electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. The conventional metal packaged and battery-operated implantable pulse generator (IPG) produces electrical pulses to stimulate the spinal cord. Despite its stable operation after implantation, the implantation site is limited due to its bulky size and heavy weight. Wireless communications including wireless power charging is also restricted, which is mainly attributed to the electromagnetic shielding of the metal package. To overcome these limitations, here, we developed a fully implantable miniaturized spinal cord stimulator based on a biocompatible liquid crystal polymer (LCP). The fabrication of electrode arrays in the LCP substrate and monolithically encapsulating the circuitries using LCP packaging reduces the weight (0.4 g) and the size (the width, length, and thickness are 25.3, 9.3, and 1.9 mm, respectively). An inductive link was utilized to wirelessly transfer the power and the data to implanted circuitries to generate the stimulus pulse. Prior to implantation of the device, operation of the pulse generator was evaluated, and characteristics of stimulation electrode such as an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were measured. The LCP-based spinal cord stimulator was implanted into the spared nerve injury rat model. The degree of pain suppression upon spinal cord stimulation was assessed via the Von Frey test where the mechanical stimulation threshold was evaluated by monitoring the paw withdrawal responses. With no spinal cord stimulation, the mechanical stimulation threshold was observed as 1.47 ± 0.623 g, whereas the stimulation threshold was increased to 12.7 ± 4.00 g after spinal cord stimulation, confirming the efficacy of pain suppression via electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. This LCP-based spinal cord stimulator opens new avenues for the development of a miniaturized but still effective spinal cord stimulator.

scholarly journals Co-Ordination of Pedal-Disk Detachment in the Sea Anemone Calliactis Parasitica

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
I. D. MCFARLANE
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Identical Stimulus ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Behavioural Sequence ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Electrical activity has been recorded from the sphincter region of Calliactis parasitica during the behavioural sequence in which the anemone detaches from the substrate and attaches to a Buccinum shell. The ectodermal slow-conduction system (SS1) fires repetitively, the majority of observed pulses occurring in the period prior to detachment (a typical example is 25 SS1pulses at an average frequency of 1 pulse/7 sec.). Shell-tentacle contact is essential for stimulation of SS1activity. 2. Mechanical stimulation of the column excites the SS1, and 30 stimuli at a frequency of about one shock/5 sec. give pedal disk detachment. 3. Electrical stimulation of the ectoderm excites the SS1and about 30 stimuli at frequencies between one shock/3 sec. and one shock/9 sec. produce detachment. Detachment and the SS1 have an identical stimulus threshold. It is concluded that detachment is co-ordinated by the SS1.

scholarly journals Localized mechanical stimulation of single cells with engineered spatio-temporal profile

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 2955-2965 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monticelli ◽  
D. S. Jokhun ◽  
D. Petti ◽  
G. V. Shivashankar ◽  
R. Bertacco
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Temporal Profile ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Stimulation Of

We introduce a new platform for mechanobiology based on active substrates, made of Fe-coated polymeric micropillars, capable to apply mechanical stimuli with tunable spatio-temporal profile on a cell culture.

Effects on Peroneal Motoneurons of Cutaneous Afferents Activated by Mechanical or Electrical Stimulations

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 3209-3216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Perrier ◽  
Boris Lamotte D'Incamps ◽  
Nezha Kouchtir-Devanne ◽  
Léna Jami ◽  
Daniel Zytnicki
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Cutaneous Afferents ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Electric Pulses ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Cutaneous Reflex ◽  
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Mixed Pattern ◽  
Stimulation Of

The postsynaptic potentials elicited in peroneal motoneurons by either mechanical stimulation of cutaneous areas innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve (SP) or repetitive electrical stimulation of SP were compared in anesthetized cats. After denervation of the foot sparing only the territory of SP terminal branches, reproducible mechanical stimulations were applied by pressure on the plantar surface of the toes via a plastic disk attached to a servo-length device, causing a mild compression of toes. This stimulus evoked small but consistent postsynaptic potentials in every peroneal motoneuron. Weak stimuli elicited only excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), whereas increase in stimulation strength allowed distinction of three patterns of response. In about one half of the sample, mechanical stimulation or trains of 20/s electric pulses at strengths up to six times the threshold of the most excitable fibers in the nerve evoked only EPSPs. Responses to electrical stimulation appeared with 3–7 ms central latencies, suggesting oligosynaptic pathways. In another, smaller fraction of the sample, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) appeared with an increase of stimulation strength, and the last fraction showed a mixed pattern of excitation and inhibition. In 24 of 32 motoneurons where electrical and mechanical effects could be compared, the responses were similar, and in 6 others, they changed from pure excitation on mechanical stimulation to mixed on electrical stimulation. With both kinds of stimulation, stronger stimulations were required to evoke inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which appeared at longer central latencies than EPSPs, indicating longer interneuronal pathways. The similarity of responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation in a majority of peroneal motoneurons suggests that the effects of commonly used electrical stimulation are good predictors of the responses of peroneal motoneurons to natural skin stimulation. The different types of responses to cutaneous afferents from SP territory reflect a complex connectivity allowing modulations of cutaneous reflex responses in various postures and gaits.

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