Cage size and flight speed of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (8) ◽  
pp. 1665-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Stevenson ◽  
K Corbo ◽  
L Baca ◽  
Q Le
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Cage Size ◽  
Allometric Analysis ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
Chamber Size

Flight speeds and behaviors of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were recorded in chambers of four different sizes (0.57, 8.5, 44 and 447 m3). Mean horizontal speed increased linearly with the cube root of chamber volume from 0.57 m s-1 in the smallest chamber to 3.4 m s-1 in the largest. The maximum horizontal speed observed was 5.3 m s-1 in the largest chamber. Speeds decreased linearly with the logarithm of hawkmoth proximity to the wall. In a tunnel chamber (the third largest), moths often flew in a scalloped-shaped path. At the top of the scallop, they glided for 1­5 wing beats. In the largest chamber, moths could be recorded flying at angles other than horizontal (0 °). At flight angles greater or less than 0 °, mean speed decreased linearly with angle until ±40 °. At greater angles, speeds remained between 1 and 2 m s-1. Moths also flew closer to the wall at flight angles deviating from the horizontal. An allometric analysis of the flight speeds of insects and birds suggests that M. sexta may be able to fly at 7­10 m s-1. We conclude that chamber size limits the flight speed and modifies the flight behavior of the tobacco hawkmoth.

A critical magma chamber size for volcanic eruptions

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Townsend ◽  
Christian Huber
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Intermediate Chamber ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chamber Size

Abstract We present a model for a coupled magma chamber–dike system to investigate the conditions required to initiate volcanic eruptions and to determine what controls the size of eruptions. The model combines the mechanics of dike propagation with internal chamber dynamics including crystallization, volatile exsolution, and the elastic response of the magma and surrounding crust to pressure changes within the chamber. We find three regimes for dike growth and eruptions: (1) below a critical magma chamber size, eruptions are suppressed because chamber pressure drops to lithostatic before a dike reaches the surface; (2) at an intermediate chamber size, the erupted volume is less than the dike volume (“dike-limited” eruption regime); and (3) above a certain chamber size, dikes can easily reach the surface and the erupted volume follows a classic scaling law, which depends on the attributes of the magma chamber (“chamber-limited” eruption regime). The critical chamber volume for an eruption ranges from ∼0.01 km3 to 10 km3 depending on the water content in the magma, depth of the chamber, and initial overpressure. This implies that the first eruptions at a volcano likely are preceded by a protracted history of magma chamber growth at depth, and that the crust above the magma chamber may have trapped several intrusions or “failed eruptions.” Model results can be combined with field observations of erupted volume, pressure, and crystal and volatile content to provide tighter constraints on parameters such as the eruptible chamber size.

scholarly journals The power–speed relationship is U-shaped in two free-flying hawkmoths ( Manduca sexta )

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (134) ◽  
pp. 20170372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajsa Warfvinge ◽  
Marco KleinHeerenbrink ◽  
Anders Hedenström
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Particle Image ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Power Models

A flying animal can minimize its energy consumption by choosing an optimal flight speed depending on the task at hand. Choice of flight speed can be predicted by modelling the aerodynamic power required for flight, and this tool has previously been used extensively in bird migration research. For insects, however, it is uncertain whether any of the commonly used power models are useful, as insects often operate in a very different flow regime from vertebrates. To investigate this, we measured aerodynamic power in the wake of two Manduca sexta flying freely in a wind tunnel at 1–3.8 ms −1 , using tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV). The expended power was similar in magnitude to that predicted by two classic models. However, the most ubiquitously used model, originally intended for vertebrates, failed to predict the sharp increase in power at higher speeds, leading to an overestimate of predicted flight speed during longer flights. In addition to measuring aerodynamic power, the tomo-PIV system yielded a highly detailed visualization of the wake, which proved to be significantly more intricate than could be inferred from previous smoke trail- and two-dimensional-PIV studies.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Temperaments of Charolais and Hungarian Grey Steers

2004 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
János Tőzsér ◽  
Andrea Szentléleki ◽  
Rita Zándoki ◽  
Katalin Maros ◽  
Zoltán Domokos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Score System ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Speed Score ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Set Distance

Animal breeding increasingly lays claim to the theoretical and practical knowledge of applied ethology. The authors’ aim was to evaluate and compare the temperaments of Charolais (CH, n= 10) and Hungarian Grey (HG, n= 10) steers, and also to determine the correlation between their temperament scores and flight speed scores. Temperament was evaluated by the results of the scale test (assessing of behaviour in a 1-5 score system, while the animal is standing on a scale for 30 seconds) and flight speed test (minutes it takes the animal to move a set distance of 1.7 m when leaving the scale), on three occasions (1, 2, 3). Data management was done by SPSS.10 (ANOVA, Mann-Whitney-test, Spearman-correlation). Results of the scale test differed significantly between breeds at the third measurement (CH: 2,9 scores; HG: 1,4 scores; P<0,01) and when evaluating the three measurements together (CH: 2,0 scores; HG: 1,37 scores; P<0,05). Concerning of flight speed score, there were significant differences between breeds of steers at each measurement (1. measurement CH: 2,77 s; HG: 4,09 s; P<0,05; 2. measurement CH: 2,89 s; HG: 5,01 s; P<0,01; 3. measurement CH: 2,46 s; HG: 5,33 s; P<0,01) and overall (CH: 2,71 s; HG: 4,81 s; P<0,001). In the case of both breeds, evaluated by measurements and overall, a negative correlation was calculated between temperament score and flight speed score, but this was significant only in three cases: CH1 (n=10) r= -0,75; P<0,01; CH1+2+3 (n=30) r= -0,44; P<0,05; CH+HG1+2+3 (n=60) r= -0,33; P<0,01). Results indicate that Hungarian Grey steers are calmer than individuals of Charolais. Animals behaving calmer on the scale left the scale, more slowly. The authors propose the use of these temperament tests in Hungarian breeding practice, in order to select too temperament animals.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing a 24-Hour Time-Budget for Wintering Atlantic Brant

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Jeremiah R. Heise ◽  
Christopher K. Williams ◽  
Paul M. Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Branta Bernicla ◽  
The Third ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Diel Period

Abstract The wintering period is often a limiting time for waterfowl. To understand the behavioral dynamics of Atlantic brant Branta bernicla hrota wintering along coastal New Jersey, USA, we conducted observations across the full 24-h diel period in an effort to construct an accurate time-budget model for the wintering population. In most behavioral studies, it is only possible to collect diurnal and crepuscular behavior data, forcing the assumption that these data are representative of nocturnal behavior in order to model the full 24-h diel period. We collected behavior data in 5,902 instantaneous observational scans across 4 time periods (morning crepuscular, diurnal, evening crepuscular, and nocturnal) from the third week in October to the third week in February 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Brant primarily allocated time toward swimming (43.5%), feeding (26.4%), resting (15.4%), and flying (7.7%); these proportions differed significantly across times of day. Brant exhibited decreased flight (4.8% vs. 9.3%) and feeding (22.3% vs. 29.6%) and increased resting behavior (24.4% vs. 10.5%) nocturnally compared with diurnal periods. We further modeled explanatory environmental variables, hunting effects (open vs. closed seasons, locations open vs. closed to hunting), and time of day (diurnal and nocturnal only) on wintering behaviors. Feeding, resting, and swimming behavior presence were most influenced by a predictive model of (Hunt Season × Hunt Location × Period) + (Tide × Period). Flight behavior presence were most influenced by a predictive model of (Hunt Season × Hunt Location × Period) + (Tide × Temperature). There is an interactive effect of hunting pressure and period of day on observed activity; therefore, our results demonstrate that not accounting for nocturnal variation in behavior can lead to biases when extrapolating to energy expenditure models. Additionally, hunting areas proved to be nocturnally valuable because these areas contain valuable energy resources that may be unavailable diurnally, and our observations show that brant will shift their activities around hunting pressures to make use of these areas.

New cube root algorithm based on the third order linear recurrence relations in finite fields

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gook Hwa Cho ◽  
Namhun Koo ◽  
Eunhye Ha ◽  
Soonhak Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Finite Fields ◽  
Recurrence Relations ◽  
Linear Recurrence ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Structure and innervation of the third axillary muscle of Manduca relative to its role in turning flight

1987 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Rheuben ◽  
A. E. Kammer
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Tethered Flight

The morphology, ultrastructure, innervation and physiology of the third axillary muscle in Manduca sexta were examined to investigate the role of this muscle in flight. The muscle consists of three parts: the upper bundle, which originates on the episternum, and the middle and lower bundles, which originate on the epimeron; all three parts insert on the tip of a projection from the third axillary sclerite. The middle bundle is composed of tonic fibres, and is innervated by a single slow axon, while the other two bundles consist of intermediate fibres and are each innervated by a single fast axon. The shape and position of the third axillary sclerite within the wing hinge are such that its primary function appears to be remotion of the wing. The length of the third axillary muscle determines the amount of remotion, independency of the degree of elevation or depression of the wing and independently of the amount of remotion of the contralateral wing. Electrophysiological recordings from the three parts of the muscle during tethered flight indicate that they may each function independently of each other and in different ways. The tonic (middle) bundle is capable of maintaining tension to hold the wings in the folded position at rest and is active when the wings are folded at the end of flight. The intermediate (upper and lower) bundles are activated phasically with impulses that may occur with various relationships to the timing of activation of a direct depressor, the subalar, or of several of the elevators. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the third axillary muscles on both sides are important in determining the asymmetric degrees of remotion observed in turning flight.

scholarly journals Evaluation of temperament tests in beef steers

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
János Tőzsér ◽  
Andrea Szentléleki ◽  
Rita Zándoki ◽  
Katalin Maros ◽  
Zoltán Domokos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flight Speed ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Distance

The aim of the study was to evaluate three times repetited measurements of the beef steers temperament using of the Scale Test (1–5 score from docile to wild) and the Flight Speed Test (the time taken to cover a set distance of 1.7 m after leaving the weight scale in tenths of a second). Ten Charolais and 10 Hungarian Grey steers were used. At the start of testing, the Charolais and Hungarian Grey steers aged 446 and 487 days, respectively, while the following measurements were realized at their average age of 553 and 594 days, respectively and of 713 and 754 days, respectively. The mean temperament scores revealed that temperament was fairly consistent in Hungarian Grey steers (1.3–1.4–1.4) and it worsened in Charolais ones only on the third measurement (1.6–1.5–2.5). Flight speed varied non-significantly in Charolais (2.77–2.89–2.46 s) and in Hungarian Grey (4.09–5.01–5.33 s) steers either through the study. In our opinion, the successive use of the Scale Test and the Flight Speed Test can offer a more reliable measure of cattle temperament when the sample is small.

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