scholarly journals Contralateral sprouting and compensatory innervation following the permanent lesion of a ganglionic connective in the snail

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (12) ◽  
pp. 2631-2643
Author(s):  
M Baker ◽  
B Chiasson ◽  
R Croll
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
Electrophysiological Measurements ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Drive

The fate of sprouted fibres was examined following long-term recovery from lesions to the central nervous system of the snail Achatina fulica. Axonal dye-labelling of one of the cerebrobuccal connectives (CBC), following either a cut or a crush to the opposite CBC, revealed supernumerary labelling of neuronal elements in both the cerebral and buccal ganglia in the weeks following treatment. A part of this sprouting response involved the rerouting of axonal projections from injured neurones that project contralaterally into the uninjured CBC. In addition, intracellular dye-fills, immunocytochemistry for detection of serotonin and electrophysiological measurements all revealed that a contralateral, uninjured neurone, the metacerebral giant (MCG) cell, sprouted new processes to invade the buccal ganglion denervated by the lesion. The contralateral MCG also increased synaptic drive over a neurone in the denervated buccal ganglion, a cell that normally receives strong input only from the lesioned ipsilateral MCG. After 5 weeks of recovery, morphological and electrophysiological measurements returned to normal levels in animals receiving a crush to the CBC, suggesting a retraction of sprouted projections following successful regeneration across the lesioned pathway. In contrast, the measurements indicative of sprouted fibres continued for up to 5 months when the regenerative response was prevented by cutting the CBC. Together, these results suggest that both the cessation of sprouting and the eventual retraction of sprouted fibres in Achatina fulica is contingent upon successful regeneration of the damaged axonal pathway.

scholarly journals Self-buffering capacity of a human sulfatase for central nervous system delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wen ◽  
Nazila Salamat-Miller ◽  
Keethkumar Jain ◽  
Katherine Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Enzymes ◽  
Intrathecal Space

AbstractDirect delivery of therapeutic enzymes to the Central Nervous System requires stringent formulation design. Not only should the formulation design consider the delicate balance of existing ions, proteins, and osmolality in the cerebrospinal fluid, it must also provide long term efficacy and stability for the enzyme. One fundamental approach to this predicament is designing formulations with no buffering species. In this study, we report a high concentration, saline-based formulation for a human sulfatase for its delivery into the intrathecal space. A high concentration formulation (≤ 40 mg/mL) was developed through a series of systematic studies that demonstrated the feasibility of a self-buffered formulation for this molecule. The self-buffering capacity phenomenon was found to be a product of both the protein itself and potentially the residual phosphates associated with the protein. To date, the self-buffered formulation for this molecule has been stable for up to 4 years when stored at 5 ± 3 °C, with no changes either in the pH values or other quality attributes of the molecule. The high concentration self-buffered protein formulation was also observed to be stable when exposed to multiple freeze–thaw cycles and was robust during in-use and agitation studies.

Mycophenolate mofetil as induction and long-term maintaining treatment in childhood: Primary angiitis of the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rosati ◽  
Alessandra Cosi ◽  
Massimo Basile ◽  
Alice Brambilla ◽  
Renzo Guerrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mycophenolate Mofetil ◽  
Primary Angiitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Long-term impact of neonatal inflammation on demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system

Glia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karelle Bénardais ◽  
Viktoria Gudi ◽  
Lijie Gai ◽  
Jasmin Neßler ◽  
Vikramjeet Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Impact

II. Sublethal Effects And Changes In Ecosystems - Assessment of the effects of pollutants on physiology and behaviour

1971 ◽  
Vol 177 (1048) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Many pollutants, even when present in the water in concentrations well below lethal levels, may cause marked changes in the physiology and behaviour of fish. The work reported deals mainly with salmonids. The responses to insecticides are particularly interesting. Of fundamental interest is the suggestion that DDT seems to act by interfering with the normal thermal acclimation mechanism(s), probably within the central nervous system. The results are not without practical significance. Some responses, including those induced by heavy metal ions from mining wastes, may cause long-term ecological changes of consequence.

Hormonal-sympathetic interactions in long-term regulation of arterial pressure: an hypothesis

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. R1343-R1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Brooks ◽  
J. W. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Circumventricular Organs ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Alternate Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The importance of the sympathetic nervous system in short-term regulation of arterial pressure is well accepted. However, the question of whether neural systems participate in long-term control of pressure has been debated for decades and remains unresolved. The principal argument against such a control system is that arterial baroreceptors adapt to sustained changes in arterial pressure. In addition, denervation of baroreceptors has minimal to no effect on basal levels of arterial pressure chronically. This argument assumes, however, that baroreceptors provide the primary chronic feedback signal to the central nervous system. An alternate model is proposed in which circulating hormones, primarily arginine vasopressin and angiotensin II, provide a long-term afferent signal to the central nervous system via binding to specific receptors in central sites lacking a blood-brain barrier (circumventricular organs). Studies suggest that the release of the hormones and the sympathetic response to alterations in their plasma concentrations are nonadaptive but may be gated by baroreceptor input. Evidence that this "hormonal-sympathetic reflex" model may explain the long-term alterations in sympathetic activity in response to chronic salt depletion and salt loading as well as congestive heart failure is presented. Finally, the role of an impaired hormonal sympathetic reflex in hypertension, specifically salt-dependent hypertension, is discussed.

scholarly journals The Distribution and Possible Roles of Small Cardioactive Peptide in the Nudibranch Melibe leonina

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Watson ◽  
A Nash ◽  
C Lee ◽  
M D Patz ◽  
J M Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Gastropod Species ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Large Neuron ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Program Application ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions ◽  
The Impact

Synopsis The neuropeptide small cardioactive peptide (SCP) plays an integrative role in exciting various motor programs involved in feeding and locomotion in a number of gastropod species. In this study, immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies against SCPB, was used to localize SCPB-like-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system, and map their connections to various tissues, in the nudibranch, Melibe leonina. Approximately 28–36 SCPB-like-immunoreactive neurons were identified in the M. leonina brain, as well as one large neuron in each of the buccal ganglia. The neuropil of the pedal ganglia contained the most SCPB-like-immunoreactive varicosities, although only a small portion of these were due to SCPB-like-immunoreactive neurons in the same ganglion. This suggests that much of the SCPB-like immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the pedal ganglia was from neurons in other ganglia that projected through the pedal–pedal connectives or the connectives from the cerebral and pleural ganglia. We also observed extensive SCPB innervation along the length of the esophagus. Therefore, we investigated the impact of SCPB on locomotion in intact animals, as well as peristaltic contractions of the isolated esophagus. Injection of intact animals with SCPB at night led to a significant increase in crawling and swimming, compared to control animals injected with saline. Furthermore, perfusion of isolated brains with SCPB initiated expression of the swim motor program. Application of SCPB to the isolated quiescent esophagus initiated rhythmic peristaltic contractions, and this occurred in preparations both with and without the buccal ganglia being attached. All these data, taken together, suggest that SCPB could be released at night to arouse animals and enhance the expression of both feeding and swimming motor programs in M. leonina.

scholarly journals Cerebellar Neurocysticercosis as Long-Term Complication of Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Haploidentical Donor

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Federico Meconi ◽  
Giulia Ciangola ◽  
Benedetta Mariotti ◽  
Raffaella Cerretti ◽  
Laura Cudillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neurocysticercosis, an infection of the central nervous system with the larval stage of the cestode Taenia solium, is uncommon in developed countries. We report a case of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a haploidentical donor complicated, in the long term, by T. solium infection of the central nervous system and successfully treated with empiric antiparasitic therapy with albendazole plus dexamethasone. Revised diagnostic criteria proposed by Del Brutto et al. were used for the definitive diagnosis of cerebellar neurocysticercosis.

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