scholarly journals The control of nocifensive movements in the caterpillar Manduca sexta

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (16) ◽  
pp. jeb221010
Author(s):  
Ritwika Mukherjee ◽  
Daniel P. Caron ◽  
Timothy Edson ◽  
Barry A. Trimmer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Fast Movement ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Contralateral Motor ◽  
Stored Elastic Energy

ABSTRACTIn response to a noxious stimulus on the abdomen, caterpillars lunge their head towards the site of stimulation. This nocifensive ‘strike’ behavior is fast (∼0.5 s duration), targeted and usually unilateral. It is not clear how the fast strike movement is generated and controlled, because caterpillar muscle develops peak force relatively slowly (∼1 s) and the baseline hemolymph pressure is low (<2 kPa). Here, we show that strike movements are largely driven by ipsilateral muscle activation that propagates from anterior to posterior segments. There is no sustained pre-strike muscle activation that would be expected for movements powered by the rapid release of stored elastic energy. Although muscle activation on the ipsilateral side is correlated with segment shortening, activity on the contralateral side consists of two phases of muscle stimulation and a marked decline between them. This decrease in motor activity precedes rapid expansion of the segment on the contralateral side, presumably allowing the body wall to stretch more easily. The subsequent increase in contralateral motor activation may slow or stabilize movements as the head reaches its target. Strike behavior is therefore a controlled fast movement involving the coordination of muscle activity on each side and along the length of the body.

scholarly journals Independent representations of ipsilateral and contralateral limbs in primary motor cortex

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan A Heming ◽  
Kevin P Cross ◽  
Tomohiko Takei ◽  
Douglas J Cook ◽  
Stephen H Scott
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Contralateral Motor

Several lines of research demonstrate that primary motor cortex (M1) is principally involved in controlling the contralateral side of the body. However, M1 activity has been correlated with both contralateral and ipsilateral limb movements. Why does ipsilaterally-related activity not cause contralateral motor output? To address this question, we trained monkeys to counter mechanical loads applied to their right and left limbs. We found >50% of M1 neurons had load-related activity for both limbs. Contralateral loads evoked changes in activity ~10ms sooner than ipsilateral loads. We also found corresponding population activities were distinct, with contralateral activity residing in a subspace that was orthogonal to the ipsilateral activity. Thus, neural responses for the contralateral limb can be extracted without interference from the activity for the ipsilateral limb, and vice versa. Our results show that M1 activity unrelated to downstream motor targets can be segregated from activity related to the downstream motor output.

Red muscle activation patterns in yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas during steady swimming

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2127-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Knower ◽  
R.E. Shadwick ◽  
S.L. Katz ◽  
J.B. Graham ◽  
C.S. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Swimming Mode

To learn about muscle function in two species of tuna (yellowfin Thunnus albacares and skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), a series of electromyogram (EMG) electrodes was implanted down the length of the body in the internal red (aerobic) muscle. Additionally, a buckle force transducer was fitted around the deep caudal tendons on the same side of the peduncle as the electrodes. Recordings of muscle activity and caudal tendon forces were made while the fish swam over a range of steady, sustainable cruising speeds in a large water tunnel treadmill. In both species, the onset of red muscle activation proceeds sequentially in a rostro-caudal direction, while the offset (or deactivation) is nearly simultaneous at all sites, so that EMG burst duration decreases towards the tail. Muscle duty cycle at each location remains a constant proportion of the tailbeat period (T), independent of swimming speed, and peak force is registered in the tail tendons just as all ipsilateral muscle deactivates. Mean duty cycles in skipjack are longer than those in yellowfin. In yellowfin red muscle, there is complete segregation of contralateral activity, while in skipjack there is slight overlap. In both species, all internal red muscle on one side is active simultaneously for part of each cycle, lasting 0.18T in yellowfin and 0.11T in skipjack. (Across the distance encompassing the majority of the red muscle mass, 0.35-0.65L, where L is fork length, the duration is 0.25T in both species.) When red muscle activation patterns were compared across a variety of fish species, it became apparent that the EMG patterns grade in a progression that parallels the kinematic spectrum of swimming modes from anguilliform to thunniform. The tuna EMG pattern, underlying the thunniform swimming mode, culminates this progression, exhibiting an activation pattern at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from the anguilliform mode.

Kinematics of rotation in place during defense turning in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Copp ◽  
M. Jamon
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Variation ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Leg Motion ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Final Orientation

The kinematic patterns of defense turning behavior in freely behaving specimens of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii were investigated with the aid of a video-analysis system. Movements of the body and all pereiopods, except the chelipeds, were analyzed. Because this behavior approximates to a rotation in place, this analysis extends previous studies on straight and curve walking in crustaceans. Specimens of P. clarkii responded to a tactile stimulus on a walking leg by turning accurately to face the source of the stimulation. Angular velocity profiles of the movement of the animal's carapace suggest that defense turn responses are executed in two phases: an initial stereotyped phase, in which the body twists on its legs and undergoes a rapid angular acceleration, followed by a more erratic phase of generally decreasing angular velocity that leads to the final orientation. Comparisons of contralateral members of each pair of legs reveal that defense turns are affected by changes in step geometry, rather than by changes in the timing parameters of leg motion, although inner legs 3 and 4 tend to take more steps than their outer counterparts during the course of a response. During the initial phase, outer legs 3 and 4 exhibit larger stance amplitudes than their inner partners, and all the outer legs produce larger stance amplitudes than their inner counterparts during the second stage of the response. Also, the net vectors of the initial stances, particularly, are angled with respect to the body, with the power strokes of the inner legs produced during promotion and those of the outer legs produced during remotion. Unlike straight and curve walking in the crayfish, there is no discernible pattern of contralateral leg coordination during defense turns. Similarities and differences between defense turns and curve walking are discussed. It is apparent that rotation in place, as in defense turns, is not a simple variation on straight or curve walking but a distinct locomotor pattern.

Newtonian flow theory for slender bodies in a dusty gas

1981 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Barron ◽  
J. T. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dusty Gas ◽  
Newtonian Theory ◽  
Wedge Surface ◽  
Slender Bodies ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Flow Variables ◽  
Thin Wedge

Hypersonic small-disturbance theory is extended to consider the problem of dusty-gas flow past thin two-dimensional bodies. The mass fraction of suspended particles is assumed to be sufficiently large that the two-way interaction between particle phase and gas phase must be considered. The system of eight governing equations is further reduced by considering the Newtonian approximation γ → 1 andM∞→ ∞. The Newtonian theory up to second order is studied and the equations are solved for the case of a thin wedge at zero angle of attack. Expressions for the streamlines, dust-particle paths, shock-wave location and all flow variables are obtained. It is seen that the presence of the dust increases the pressure along the wedge surface and tends to bend the shock wave towards the body surface. Other effects of the interaction of the two phases are also discussed.

Growth, development and allometry of Philophthalmus nocturnus in the eyes of domestic chicks

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. M. Swarnakumari ◽  
R. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACTFifty day-old chicks were each infected with 10 excysted metaccreariae of Philophthalimus nocturnus Looss. 1907 around each orbit and growth, development and allometry were studied. The growth rate showed two phases over a period of 35 days, a limited lag phase lasting two days post-infection in which flukes did not exceed 440 μm in length, and a rapid phase during which growth was rapid and flukes reached a size of 3·008–3·504 mm on day 35. Five developmental stages were noticed during the course of development of the metacercaria to the egg-producing adult stage. Eggs appeared in the uterus on day 14 and oculate miracidia on day 25. The hindhody, testes and ovary showed positive allometric growth, the pharnyx less so, whereas negative allometric growth was shown by the forebody. Body width, oral sucker and ventral sucker were close to isometry, growing at the same rate as the body length.

On the Motion of an Elastic Body Rolling/Sliding on an Elastic Substrate

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Spector ◽  
R. C. Batra
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Body ◽  
Frictional Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elastic Substrate ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Linear Elastic Body ◽  
Body Rolling ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Two Phases

The three-dimensional evolutionary problem of rolling/sliding of a linear elastic body on a linear elastic substrate is studied. The inertial properties of the body regarded as rigid are accounted for. By employing an asymptotic analysis, it is shown that the process can be divided into two phases: transient and quasistationary. An expression for the frictional force as a function of the externally applied forces and moments, and inertial properties of the body is derived. For an ellipsoid rolling/sliding on a linear elastic substrate, numerical results for the frictional force distribution, slip/adhesion subareas, and the evolution of the slip velocity are given.

Design and Fabrication of a Multi-Functional Nanomanipulator

2009 ◽  
Vol 419-420 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Ming Chang ◽  
Chia Hung Lin ◽  
Chung Po Lin ◽  
Juti Rani Deka
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Nano Fabrication ◽  
Permissible Range ◽  
Manipulation System

With rapid expansion of nanotechnology, microminiaturization has become imperative in the field of micro/nano fabrication. A nanomanipulation system with high degrees of freedom that can perform nanomachining, nanofabrication and mechanical/electrical characterization of nanoscale objects inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. The manipulation system consists of several individual operating units each having three linear stages and one rotational stage. The body of the manipulator is designed using the idea of superposition. Each operating unit can move in the permissible range of SEM’s vacuum chamber and can increase or decrease the number of units according to the requirement. Experiments were executed to investigate the in-situ electrical resistance of nano materials.

Evaluation of Nutritional Assessment Quality and Rate of Referral to A Dietitian in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran: A Clinical Audit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Emami ◽  
Meysam Zarezadeh ◽  
Mohammad Sharifzadeh ◽  
Zahra Fazelifarsani ◽  
Masoud Khorshidid
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
Appetite Loss ◽  
Nutritional Screening ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Two Phases

Background: Malnutrition is an acute or a chronic condition resulting from an imbalance in the intake, both in the form of undernutrition and over nutrition, leading to changes in the composition or reduced function of the body. Bio-social conditions and acute or chronic diseases are the most important factors affecting nutrition. It has been suggested that awareness of the prevalence and severity of malnutrition in hospitalized patients can be used by managers to understand the causes, health care system requirements, and health plans. Methods: Medical records of 483 patients from 11 different wards of Shariati general hospital were assessed to evaluate the quality of nutritional assessment and the rate of referral to nutrition experts by physicians. This study consisted of two phases: evaluation of initial nutritional assessment and assessing the accuracy of malnutrition screening forms completion. Results: Our study showed no initial nutritional assessment for 34% of the patients. Assessment of the accuracy of malnutrition screening showed that there was a considerable error in the reporting of BMI (66%), weight loss (51%), appetite loss (50%), and severity of the patient’s situation (39%). Also, the rate of referral to a nutritionist was 0% and 1% in the first and second phases of the study, respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that the quality of nutritional screening and subsequent referral to nutrition experts for professional nutritional assessment is negligible in Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran.

UNDULATORY SWIMMING: HOW TRAVELING WAVES ARE PRODUCED AND MODULATED IN SUNFISH (LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS)

1994 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Long ◽  
M Mchenry ◽  
N Boetticher
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Axial Muscle ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Swimming Kinematics ◽  
Tail Beat

We have developed an experimental procedure in which the in situ locomotor muscles of dead fishes can be electrically stimulated to generate swimming motions. This procedure gives the experimenter control of muscle activation and the mechanical properties of the body. Using pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, we investigated the mechanics of undulatory swimming by comparing the swimming kinematics of live sunfish with the kinematics of dead sunfish made to swim using electrical stimulation. In electrically stimulated sunfish, undulatory waves can be produced by alternating left&shy;right contractions of either all the axial muscle or just the precaudal axial muscle. As judged by changes in swimming speed, most of the locomotor power is generated precaudally and transmitted to the caudal fin by way of the skin and axial skeleton. The form of the traveling undulatory wave &shy; as measured by tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength and maximal caudal curvature &shy; can be modulated by experimental control of the body's passive stiffness, which is a property of the skin, connective tissue and axial skeleton.

Myotomal slow muscle function of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during steady swimming.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Hammond ◽  
J D Altringham ◽  
C S Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Strain and activity patterns were determined during slow steady swimming (tailbeat frequency 1.5-2.5 Hz) at three locations on the body in the slow myotomal muscle of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss using sonomicrometry and electromyography. Strain was independent of tailbeat frequency over the range studied and increased significantly from +/-3.3 % l0 at 0.35BL to +/-6 % at 0.65BL, where l0 is muscle resting length and BL is total body length. Muscle activation occurred significantly later in the strain cycle at 0.35BL (phase shift 59 degrees) than at 0.65BL (30 degrees), and the duration of activity was significantly longer (211 degrees at 0.35BL and 181 degrees at 0.65BL). These results differ from those of previous studies. The results have been used to simulate in vivo activity in isolated muscle preparations using the work loop technique. Preparations from all three locations generated net positive power under in vivo conditions, but the negative power component increased from head to tail. Both kinematically, and in the way its muscle functions to generate hydrodynamic thrust, the rainbow trout appears to be intermediate between anguilliform swimmers such as the eel, which generate thrust along their entire body length, and carangiform fish (e.g. saithe Pollachius virens), which generate thrust primarily at the tail blade.

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