Respiratory Function of the Swim-Bladders of the Primitive Fish Polypterus Senegalus

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
A. M. ABDEL MAGID ◽  
Z. VOKAC ◽  
NASR EL DIN AHMED
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polypterus Senegalus ◽  
The Right

1. The respiratory function of the swim-bladders of Polypterus senegalus was investigated. Experiments were carried out in tap water with an oxygen tension of about 140 mm. Hg. 2. Both swim-bladders were cannulated through the body-walls of the unrestricted fish. Gas samples were analysed for their oxygen and carbon dioxide content before and after the fish visited the surface. 3. A sharp increase in oxygen and a decrease in carbon dioxide tension was always observed after inhalation. This proves that atmospheric air is actually inspired into the bladders. 4. After inspiration, the amount of oxygen in the bladders decreased rapidly. This shows that oxygen is taken up by the blood, even when the oxygen content of the water is normal. 5. Inspiration of air is preceded by expiration which, on the average, reduces the volume of the bladders to about 40%. 6. The uneven distribution of inhaled air in the right bladder is shown to be due to anatomical configuration.

Breathing in brief exercise

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Craig ◽  
E. G. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Respiratory Minute Volume ◽  
Before And After

Two men ran for 20 or 60 seconds while inhaling air, oxygen or 4% carbon dioxide. Inspired respiratory minute volume was determined for each breath. Ventilation increased suddenly in the first breath with minimal changes in end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension and respiratory exchange ratio to a rate that remained constant for 20 seconds before increasing further. The rate of carbon dioxide output was uniform during the first 20 seconds. A 12% grade did not increase ventilation or oxygen uptake during runs of 20 seconds, but in the first minute of recovery, ventilation was 64% greater than after level runs. Inhalation of oxygen inhibited ventilation by 24% in the 20-second periods before and after the end of a 60-second run. Inhalation of carbon dioxide begun at rest produced increments in ventilation and end-expiratory carbon dioxide tension that varied little during running and recovery. In the 20-second runs ventilation varied with speed but appeared independent of ultimate metabolic cost. Submitted on January 21, 1960

scholarly journals PRE AND POSTPRANDIAL THERMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF GREEN IGUANAS (IGUANA IGUANA)

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Simona Rusu ◽  
Zdenek Knotek ◽  
Radu Lacatus ◽  
Ionel Papuc
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
Green Iguanas ◽  
The Right ◽  
Head Temperature

Abstract The body temperature of 10 clinically healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana) was measured using a thermographic camera (FLIR E6, Flir Systems Sweden) before and after the food was offered. For each animal there were performed a total of 6 measurements (3 before feeding and 3 after the food was offered). The purpose of this experiment was to observe the thermographic pattern of the body before and after the feeding, since herbivore reptiles tend to bask after the feeding to increase the body temperature that will help them afterwards digest the food. The animals were housed in individual vivariums with every animal having a basking spot available. The pictures were taken outside the vivarium in an adjacent room. The animals were handled with gloves and transported in a cardboard box in order to avoid heat transfer between the handler and the iguana that would have produced thermal artefacts. Each individual was placed on a table on a styrofoam slate, again, to avoid the heat transfer between the table and the animal`s body. For each animal a total of 4 pictures were taken (up, front, left and right). The pictures were analysed with the FLIR Tools program that is provided by the manufacturer and 3 temperatures were taken into consideration (the head temperature, body temperature on the right side and body temperature on the left side). The temperatures were compared between them and with the temperature of the vivariums that consisted of the average between the temperature in 3 different spots (basking spot, the feeding bowl site and the coldest spot) measured with an infrared thermometer GM300 (Benetech, China). The temperature of the body was dependent on the vivarium temperature and it was a significant temperature difference between the measurements before the feeding and after the feeding. Also we discovered a significant difference between the head temperature and the body temperature on the left side before the feeding that disappeared after the animals ate. There was also a significant difference between the temperature on right side and on left side of the animals both before and after the feeding. No significant temperature difference was observed between the head and the right side of the body neither before nor after the feeding.

scholarly journals Control over the Human Body Before and After Death: The Civil Law Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-135
Author(s):  
L. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Living Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In this article, an attempt is made to determine the legal status of the human body (organs and tissue) both while a person is alive and after a person dies. The article discusses the points of view of various authors in relation to the possibility of considering the human body, its organs and tissue, after their separation from the body, as objects of a person’s property rights, and also as an object of a person’s non-property rights. The article argues the impossibility of qualifying the human body and the organs that were not separated from it during life as parts – and perhaps critical parts – of the existence of the total human being, as objects of real (property) rights including the rights of the persons themselves. The human body as a single object is a personal non-property benefit. The organs and tissue separated from the body may be considered objects of real rights, but on several conditions: if they were indeed separated from the body and if the person gave permission for this in a will. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the separated organs and tissue of a human being are analyzed as things (possessions) with limited turnover. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the organs and tissue separated from the body as possessions in limited turnover are reviewed as well as the impact of personal non-property rights on this status. The main focus of the article is on the legal status of the human body and the organs separated from it after death in view of the fact that transplantology and postmortem organ donation are becoming more and more widespread. This issue is analyzed in terms of the body as a whole and as it applies to the organs and tissue that are not used for transplantation. The proposal is to base our analysis on the status of the human body after death which as a rule cannot be the object of property rights. The human body is disposed of within the framework of the protection of the personal non-property rights of the deceased, including the right of physical inviolability that covers the organs and tissue separated from the body. The article characterizes the legal nature of living wills when people give instructions as to the procedure of their burial and other means of handling their body, including donation of their bodies to science. The article examines the possibility of the right of ownership to organs and tissue separated from the body after death. This right can exist if a complex legal construct is present, including a direct or assumed living will of the person. The specific characteristics of living acts concerning the possibility of after-death organ and tissue harvesting for further use, including for transplantation purposes, and the differences between such acts and last wills are determined.

Selected health issues related to high altitude trekking

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-65
Author(s):  
Hanna Prószyńska-Bordas ◽  
Katarzyna Baranowska
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unbalanced Diet ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the paper was to investigate health aspects of high altitude trekking such as preparation for the physical exertion during trekking at high altitude, the impact of mountaineering on the daily life before and after the expedition, the effect of high-mountain conditions on health and well-being. It was found that in the pre-departure period trekkers commonly train to ensure that they are physically fit for the expedition. They train alone or under the supervision of a trainer. Self-prepared workouts may turn out to be insufficient due to the lack of appropriate training plans. The most challenging aspects of high altitude trekking for the body include carrying too heavy equipment, dealing with illegibly marked routes, wearing inappropriate clothing, having an unbalanced diet, not having enough water, which can lead to dehydration and infections. Misconduct by other people poses a risk. The specific type of effort involved in mountaineering requires balanced nutrition in terms of both micro- and macro-elements. To find the right combination, one has to either experiment or seek advice from a dietitian. However, relatively few people consult a nutrition coach. Among sanitary problems, the most serious one is inappropriate human waste disposal, the resulting lack of drinkable water. Some of the observed problems result from insufficient regulations regarding the conduct in the mountains and from trekkers’ lack of awareness regarding good practices in such extreme conditions.

Modified ultrafiltration in paediatric cardiac surgery

Perfusion ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Schlünzen ◽  
Jens Pedersen ◽  
Kirsten Hjortholm ◽  
Ole K Hansen ◽  
Emmy Ditlevsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Systolic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Paediatric Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Before And After

The effect of modified ultrafiltration (MUF) after cardiopulmonary bypass for paediatric cardiac surgery was evaluated in 138 children with moderate to severe congenital heart disease. The median age was 0.4 years (0 days to 6.5 years), and the weight 5.3 kg (2.2-20 kg). The operation was discontinued in six cases, three because of technical problems and three because of unstable circulation. One-hundred-and-thirty-four patients were ultrafiltrated for a median of 12 min (2-27 min) with an ultrafiltrate of median 44 ml/kg (6-118 ml/kg). Haematocrit was significantly increased from 28% (20-39%) to 36% (26-51%) and systolic arterial pressure from 56 mmHg (30-85 mmHg) to 74.0 mmHg (32-118 mmHg). Furthermore arterial oxygenation was significantly increased from 30.8 kPa (4.8-70.4 kPa) to 34.1 kPa (4.9-80.6 kPa), and arterial carbon dioxide tension from 4.8 kPa (3.1-7.3 kPa) to 5.1 kPa (3.1-7.6 kPa). Heart rate was significantly reduced from 145 beats/min (92-201 beats/min) to 136 beats/min (88-200 beats/min). There were no significant differences in central venous pressure, left atrial pressure and base excess before and after MUF. MUF increases systolic blood pressure, haematocrit, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension coming off bypass in paediatric cardiac surgery and reduces heart rate and postoperative fluid overload.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISES ON PES PLANOVALGUS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Miroslava Šutvajová ◽  
Kristína Buľáková ◽  
Peter Bartík ◽  
Anna Lesňáková ◽  
Zuzana Hudáková
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foot Deformities ◽  
Uneven Terrain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Natural Base ◽  
Preschool Boys ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Effect

Introduction: The foot forms the natural base of the human body bearing all its weight. Over the course of a person's life, the foot ensures the contact of the body with the terrain and creates the basic support during dynamic activities such as walking or running, especially on uneven terrain. (Véle, 2006) Objectives: The aim of the research was to verify the effects of targeted corrective exercises on healthy foot development in preschool children. Methods: The research was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. The research sample consisted of 105 probands (59 preschool girls and 46 preschool boys), out of whom 7.62% had the physiological position of the arch on the right foot during baseline measurements. The average age of probands was 5 years. The measured parameters were the foot arch height without and with a load. Measurements were taken before and after rehabilitation intervention. Results: The statistical analysis of the results confirmed the positive effect of rehabilitation treatment in all monitored variables on statistically significant diference in terms of an elevation in the foot arch (p <0.005) and the influence of risk factors contributing to the development of researched foot deformities. The obtained data were processed into tables and graphs and subsequently evaluated. Conclusion: Our study has shown that the most effective is the active exercise strengthening.  The affected muscles maintain the foot arch as well as the whole posture.

scholarly journals Observations on air found in the pleura, in a case of pneumatothorax; with experiments on the absorption of different kinds of air introduced into the pleura

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 202-202
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Left Pleura ◽  
The Right ◽  
Enormous Quantity

In this paper Dr. Davy gives a detailed account of the symptoms produced by the above disease, and of the appearance after death, in a man of thirty years of age. He also adverts to the composition of the air found in the lungs, which was collected by immersing the body in water, and puncturing the pleura, when it issued in the enormous quantity of 225 cubic inches. It was without smell, and extinguished flame, and was not inflammable. It consisted of 8 carbonic acid, and 92 azotic gas per cent.; and the author considers it as derived from the atmosphere by a morbid communication, which was discovered on dissection, between the pleura and atmosphere through the medium of the lung. To determine the mode in which its change of composition had been effected, Dr. Davy inflated the right pleura of a dog with atmospheric air, and killed the animal after 48 hours. On examining the air, the oxygen was found absorbed in larger proportion than the azote, which accounts for the accumulation of the latter gas in the preceding instance. To ascertain how far carbonic acid is absorbed by the pleura, a mixture of 80 parts of common air, and 20 of carbonic acid, was injected into the right pleura of a dog. After two days the animal appeared well, and a mixture of 75 of air and 25 of carbonic acid was thrown into the left pleura. Twentyfour hours after, the dog was killed, and the result was, that during a sojourn of three days in the pleura the oxygen had been absorbed in greater proportion than the carbonic acid, and the latter in a greater degree than the azote. The power thus exhibited by the pleura of absorbing one kind of gas more than another, without reference to their solubility in water, induced the author to institute some similar experiments with hydrogen, nitrous oxide, and nitrous gas. A mixture of carbonic acid and hydrogen thus applied did not appear to affect the health of the animal. A mixture of azote and nitrous gas killed the animal in five hours. In the former case the hydrogen disappeared, and its place was supplied by a small quantity of azote. As the author’s experiments induce him to believe that no air exists in the pleura in a healthy state, he is led to suppose that its appearance in this case is referrible to secretion.—In a note annexed to this paper, Dr. Davy expresses his doubt as to the existence of any free carbonic acid in the blood; since he could, in two experiments made for the purpose, obtain none by means of the air-pump.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL PLEURISY—RESOLUTION OF A FIBRINOUS EXUDATE

1907 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Opie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Pleural Cavity ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Right

Fibrinous pleurisy produced by a sterile inflammatory irritant offers opportunity for study of the part taken by enzymes of leucocytes in the resolution of a fibrinous exudate. When turpentine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the dog, an abscess results, but when an equal quantity of turpentine is injected into the pleural cavity, there is abundant exudation of coagulable fluid and the serous surfaces are covered by a layer of fibrin. Accumulation of fluid which can be followed during life by percussion of the animal's chest reaches a maximum at the end of three days, and then gradually subsides, so that at the end of six days, in most instances, the cavity contains no fluid. Fibrin, though diminished in amount at the time when fluid has been absorbed, is still present, and gradually disappears; at the end of two or three weeks the cavity has returned to the normal, save for a few organized adhesions. Turpentine injected into the right pleural cavity may cause serofibrinous pleurisy on the left side; this inflammation may reach a maximum intensity at a time when pleurisy on the right side is subsiding. During the early stage of inflammation fibrinous exudate, freed from the serum by washing in salt solution, undergoes digestion when suspended in an alkaline (0.2 per cent. sodium carbonate) or in an acid medium (0.2 per cent. acetic acid). At the end of five days, at a time when fluid is disappearing from the pleural cavity, digestion fails to occur in an alkaline medium, but occurs with much activity in the presence of acid. During the first stage of the inflammatory reaction, when fluid is abundant and the fibrin which is present digests in alkali, thus indicating the presence of leucoprotease, polynuclear leucocytes are very numerous in the meshes of the fibrin. In the second stage, the exuded fibrin contains only one enzyme digesting in the presence of acid. At this time polynuclear leucocytes have disappeared and only mononuclear cells are embedded in the fibrin. Products of proteolytic digestion, namely, peptone and albumose, absent in the exuded fluid during the first day or two days of inflammation, are present after three days and are found in less quantity at a later period. The exuded fluid does not at any stage of the inflammatory reaction lose it spower to inhibit both enzymes contained in the leucocytes. The exudate remains alkaline throughout the period of inflammation, but its alkalinity is less than that of the blood and diminishes slightly with the progress of inflammation. Since the acids, which in vitro favor the action of the enzyme, present alone during the second stage of the inflammatory reaction, do not occur in the body, the possibility has suggested itself that carbon-dioxide brings this enzyme into action. If carbon-dioxide is passed through normal salt solution in which strips of such fibrin are suspended, digestion is greatly hastened. The normal inhibition exerted by blood serum upon the enzyme is overcome by carbon-dioxide and in the presence of a small quantity of blood serum, carbon-dioxide causes greater enzymotic activity than in the presence of salt solution alone.

New insertion support device assisted the accurate placement of tunneled cuffed catheter: First experience of 10 cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Ohara ◽  
Kazufumi Sakurama ◽  
Satoshi Hiramatsu ◽  
Toshimasa Karai ◽  
Toshiaki Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Arteriovenous Graft ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
New Device ◽  
Support Device ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Observation Period

Introduction: The tunneled cuffed catheter is used in hemodialysis patients for whom an arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous graft is not suitable or for bridging usage of them. Accurate placement of a tunneled cuffed catheter is necessary for safe hemodialysis, but placement is sometimes difficult because of individual body differences. We developed a new device to support accurate placement of the tunneled cuffed catheter. In this study, we report our first clinical experience of the device. Methods: We made the device by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene with some special processes. The processes enable it to maintain plasticity and temporary shape in the autoclaved condition. The device is laid on the surface of the patient’s body to mark the root of the catheter with a felt-tipped marker before catheterization. That enables us to know the accurate catheter root and tunneled cuffed catheter exit site on the body surface. Ten patients underwent tunneled cuffed catheter insertion according to the marking. Case description: The mean age was 71.3 ± 12.8 years. The tunneled cuffed catheter was safely placed according to the marking in all patients, and all catheter tips were placed in the right atrium. The mean verification tip location difference before and after catheterization was 0.70 ± 0.48 cm. This result indicated that the device could assist in inserting a catheter accurately within an error of 1.18 cm. The tunneled cuffed catheters were patent in all the cases, without replacement and complications until the end of bridging use or during the observation period. Conclusion: Our newly developed insertion support device enhances safety and prevents catheter waste during replacement.

scholarly journals Surgical correction of posttraumatic nasal deformities in adolescent athletes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
IV Zyabkin ◽  
NS Grachev ◽  
SV Frolov ◽  
GA Polev ◽  
AM Magomedova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
The Body ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
External Nose ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Surgical Option

Nasal breathing is of great importance for professional athletes because of the peculiarities of carbon dioxide metabolism in the body. Problems with nasal breathing caused by post-traumatic deformities of the nose can be successfully corrected with the help of rhinoseptoplasty, but the possibility of performing this surgery on patients under 18 years of age is a discussed matter. This study aimed to analyze the results of the effect functional rhinoseptoplasty has on nasal breathing, consider rhinoseptoplasty as the preferred method of treatment for adolescents with post-traumatic deformities of the structures of the nose. The study involved 15 professional athletes aged 15–18 years with post-traumatic deformities of the external nose and troubled nasal breathing. Five of them (33.3%) were female, 10 (66.7%) were male; all underwent open rhinoseptoplasty. The NOSE and SCHNOS questionnaires were used to assess the symptoms of nasal obstruction before and after surgery. Post-surgery, all patients subjectively noted that their nasal breathing improved, which was confirmed by the filled questionnaires. There were no significant complications registered during the follow-up period. Functional rhinoseptoplasty is a viable surgical option for adolescents under 18 years of age.

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