Prevalence of Eating Disorders Among Nutritional Sciences Students and Dietitians in Saudi Arabia

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) involve persistent disturbed eating and related behaviors that result in altered consumption or absorption of food with potential physical or psychological function impairment. EDs have four major types: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified. The investigation aimed to study the prevalence of EDs by assessing nutritional status for nutrition students and dietitians from multiple provinces in Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising 175 male and female nutrition students or dietitians. EDs were diagnosed using EAT-26 and DSM5. Dietary intake was estimated by repeated 24-hr recall records. Diet was analyzed using food processor nutrition and fitness software. Intakes were compared with the recommended dietary allowances. Results: According to EAT-26 diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of EDs was 15.4%. The mean age was 24.96 ± 4 years. ED subjects had normal BMIs. The diet analysis showed that these subjects had a lower intake of energy, macronutrients, and some micronutrients, and other micronutrients were high as compared to the RDA. Conclusion: EDs were more prevalent among dietitians than students. The EDs comprised a high number of OSFED and UNFED cases. Subjects with an ED had an unbalanced diet with poor nutrition.

Development of recipes and technologies for the production of fish-growing products for baby food

В статье приводится краткий обзор инноваций по производству функциональных продуктов питания на основе рыбного сырья с целью установления современных тенденций их использования в детском питании. По данным статистики в России традиционно наблюдается дефицит потребляемого населением белка по причине однообразного, несбалансированного питания и низкой культуры потребления. Недостаток белка в организме неблагоприятно отражается на деятельности сердечно-сосудистой, дыхательной и нервной систем, как у детей, так и у взрослого населения. При производстве полуфабрикатов и кулинарных изделий из рыбы особую значимость приобретает совершенствование рецептур и технологий, направленных на повышение пищевой и биологической ценности, а также безопасности продуктов. Одним из способов повышения физиологической ценности белка животного происхождения является исследование по его биоусвояемости в детском организме, совершенствование органолептических показателей. К важнейшим свойствам продукции многие ученые относят доступность для различных социальных групп путем комбинирования рыбного фарша с различными растительными добавками. The article provides a brief overview of innovations in the production of functional food products based on fish raw materials in order to establish current trends in their use in children's nutrition. According to statistics, there is traditionally a shortage of protein consumed by the population in Russia, due to a monotonous, unbalanced diet, and a low consumption culture. The lack of protein in the body does not favorably affect the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, both in children and in adults. In the production of semi-finished products and culinary products from fish, the improvement of recipes and technologies aimed at increasing the nutritional and biological value, as well as the safety of products, is of particular importance. One of the ways to increase the physiological value of animal protein is research on its bioavailability in the child's body, improving organoleptic indicators. Among the most important properties of the products, many scientists refer to accessibility for different social groups by combining minced fish with various plant additives.

Сharacteristics of nutrition and content of certain microelements in blood in adolescents with signs of metabolic syndrome

Purpose — to study the nature of nutrition and blood zinc and magnesium levels in adolescents with signs of metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and methods. The 200 patients with obesity (aged 14–18: 100 boys and 100 girls) were examined at the clinic of the Institute of Children and Adolescent Health Care of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination. The study of eating behavior (EB) was conducted by questionnaire using the Dutch questionnaire (DEBQ, The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire). The control group consisted of 30 healthy children of the same age category. The criteria for the diagnosis of MS in children, proposed by the International Diabetes Federation [IDF, 2007], were used, which allowed to divide patients into two groups: 1 — with signs of MS (50.0%) and 2 — without signs of MS (50.0%), each of which included 100 patients. Results and discussion. According to the anamnesis, adolescents had an unbalanced and irrational diet, as evidenced by complaints of pain and dyspepsia. Analysis of DEBQ data showed that in most adolescents there was a restrictive type of EB — (73.9±3.2%), also quite common variants were external (in 43.8±3.1%) and emotional type of EB (32.3±3.1%). The results showed significant zinc and magnesium deficiency in obese adolescents, in contrast to the surveyed control group (ϕ<0.05), in particular, the most pronounced (ϕ<0.05) deficiency of these trace elements was observed in the surveyed group with restrictive type of EB. Conclusions. Thus, an unbalanced diet naturally leads to disorders of both the digestive system and the formation of comorbid pathology, including obesity and MS. Analysis of the results of the DEBQ survey showed that patients with signs of MS were twice as likely to have EB disorders (71.8±3.7%) than patients without them (39.4±4.1%, ϕ<0.05). Among the violations of EB, the most common was the restrictive type (73.9%). Adolescents have a significant deficiency of zinc and magnesium in the blood (ϕ<0.05), in particular the most pronounced (ϕ<0.05) in the group of subjects with a restrictive type of EB. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: adolescents, microelements, nutrition, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome.

GEROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF FOOD PLANTS

People’s ageing causes economic and social problems all over the world. The article presents the results of the analysis of modern research on ways and means that can eliminate the causes of ageing, prolong the active longevity and working ability of the elderly. It has been established that human health and longevity depend on the specific features of a person’s nutrition and are affected by micronutrient deficiency in the body caused by unbalanced diet. Considering the free radical theory of ageing, which is based on the chemical nature and ubiquity of free radicals, it has been found that consumption of plant foods rich in antioxidants prevents oxidative damage to cellular structures, which is caused by reactive oxygen species. It has been demonstrated that well-known plant antioxidants, such as flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds, have a protective effect. They modulate energy metabolism in a way conducive to well-being and longevity, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases and ageing. It has been established that the antioxidant effect of flavonoids involves scavenging of free lipoperoxide radicals, inhibition of nitric oxide production, inactivation of peroxynitrite and other oxidants, inhibition of xanthine oxidase and other radical-producing enzymes, chelation of metals. Neuroprotective and radioprotective properties of flavonoids have been revealed. Flavonoids can inhibit regulatory enzymes or transcription factors that are important for the control of inflammatory mediators, affect oxidative stress through DNA interactions, and enhance genomic stability. Combinations of polyphenols can exhibit synergistic or additive beneficial effects. It has been shown that the rational use of plant-based diets rich in polyphenolic compounds helps to reduce the total mortality rate and, in particular, mortality from coronary heart disease, to maintain sustainable weight management, to decrease the frequency and severity of high-risk conditions such as obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and improve the general condition in cases of long-neglected cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Nutrition and Nutrients in Prevention and Treatment

Childhood obesity rates have dramatically risen in numerous countries worldwide. Obesity is likely a factor in increased asthma risk, which is already one of the most widespread chronic respiratory pathologies. The pathogenic mechanism of asthma risk has still not yet been fully elucidated. Moreover, the role of obesity-related inflammation and pulmonary overreaction to environmental triggers, which ultimately result in asthma-like symptoms, and the importance of dietary characteristics is well recognized. Diet is an important adjustable element in the asthma development. Food-specific composition of the diet, in particular fat, sugar, and low-quality nutrients, is likely to promote the chronic inflammatory state seen in asthmatic patients with obesity. An unbalanced diet or supplementation as a way to control asthma more efficiently has been described. A personalized dietary intervention may improve respiratory symptoms and signs and therapeutic response. In this narrative review, we presented and discussed more recent literature on asthma associated with obesity among children, focusing on the risk of asthma among children with obesity, asthma as a result of obesity focusing on the role of adipose tissue as a mediator of systemic and local airway inflammation implicated in asthma regulation, and the impact of nutrition and nutrients in the development and treatment of asthma. Appropriate early nutritional intervention could possibly be critical in preventing and managing asthma associated with obesity among children.

FACTORS RELATED TO BODY IMAGE AND IT CORRELATION WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Adolescence is the transition period from children to adults. Adolescents, especially girls, are vulnerable to nutritional problem, one of the factors is due to the perception of body image. Body image can affect nutritional status if an individual has a negative body image, in which the perception that someone consciously or unconsciously cannot accept her body shape. It affects the behavior of adolescent girls related to nutrition to achieve their body goal in various ways that increase risk of becoming nutritional problems (under or over nutrition). The aims of this study is find out factors related to body image and it correlation with nutritional status in female adolescent using a literature review approach. This literature review research takes various sources of articles which published in the last 10 years (2010–2020) related to the research topics. Article were searched through the PubMed - Medline and Google Scholar databases using. Keywords ”body image”, ”nutritional status”, and ”adolescent girl”. Eighteen articles according to the topic and criteria were selected for review. Based on the results of the study, it was found that body image is related to the nutritional status of adolescent girls. This is related to the lack of nutritional knowledge of adolescent girls, which affects to an unhealthy and unbalanced diet. Besides, there is also a correlation of physical activity that is not balanced with food intake and the role of the environment such as family and friends which also affects knowledge, food intake, and body image of adolescent girls.

Phylogenetic Relationship Between the Endosymbiont “candidatus Riesia Pediculicola” and Its Human Lice Host

Background: The human louse is one of the most ancient haematophagous ectoparasites that is related intimately to its host and has been of great concern to public health throughout human history. Previously, Pediculus humanus was classified within six divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). Like all haematophagous lice, P. humanus directly depends on the presence of bacterial symbionts, known as “Candidatus Riesia pediculicola”, to complement their unbalanced diet. In this study, we evaluated the coevolution of human lice around the world and their endosymbiotic bacteria. Using molecular approaches, we targeted lice mitochondrial genes from the six diverged clades and Candidatus R. pediculicola housekeeping genes. Methods: A total of 126 lice were selected for molecular analysis of the cytb gene for lice clade determination. In parallel, four PCR primer pairs were developed targeting three housekeeping genes of Candidatus R. pediculicola: ftsZ, groEL and two regions of the rpoB gene (rpoB-1 and rpoB-2).Results: The endosymbiont phylogeny perfectly mirrored the host insect phylogeny, using the ftsZ and rpoB-2 genes, suggesting a strict vertical transmission and a host-symbiont co-speciation following the evolutionary course of the human louse. Conclusion: Our results unequivocally indicate that lice endosymbiont have experienced a similar co-evolutionary history, and that the human louse clade can be determined by their endosymbiotic bacteria.

1303 Obesity: A Growing Concern in Gynaecological Surgery

Introduction Obesity is becoming a major concern in healthcare. The rise in obesity has now reached alarming levels. Obesity is driven by the economic growth, unbalanced diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity has played a disastrous role in the health of many but significantly has had a detrimental health effect among girls and women. This review focuses on the effect of obesity on various aspects of women’s health including prognosis after gynaecological surgery. Method The search engine used for this literature review was Ovid MEDLINE. Only studies reported in English have been included in this review. The snowball and citation searching method was used to find further relevant articles. Results Various genetic components have been identified to increase the risk of obesity which is further exacerbated with the current obesogenic environment. Women with a BMI≥35 had longer surgeries and an increased rate of severe postoperative adverse events. Additionally, women with a higher BMI had an increased risk of cervical cancer due to under-diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions, though obesity did not directly alter the association between preoperative biopsy and final tumour grade. Conclusions Despite increased awareness, obesity is still a major contributor of mortality and morbidity. Women in particular are facing severe consequences of the obesogenic environment. In women obesity not only increases their risk of developing gynaecological conditions but also adversely affects prognosis after surgical treatment. In the face of an obesogenic environment, it is important to sought out potential ways to reduce the risk of surgical complications in obese patients.