Eco-Physiological Studies of an Intertidal Crustacean, Pollicipes Polymerus (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
H. J. FYHN ◽  
J. A. PETERSEN ◽  
K. JOHANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Pollicipes Polymerus

1. Physiological responses to environmental stresses of the intertidal cirriped Pollicipes polymerus have been studied by combined field and laboratory experiments. 2. The body temperature of air-exposed animals is always lower than expected from the heat load. Evaporation from the peduncle is responsible for the heat loss. 3. The rate of water loss by evaporation from the peduncle cuticle is 1.5 µl/cm2 h mmHg both at 21 and 27 °C. The transpiration is proportional to the saturation deficit of the air. The water loss from the capitulum is negligible in comparison to that from the peduncle. 4. The haemolymph osmolality of animals in the field increases during exposure to sunshine and decreases during exposure to rain. The increase in haemolymph osmolality during desiccation is equal to that calculated from the decrease in body water. The water loss during air exposure is adequately replaced during submersion, probably by osmosis. 5. Pollicipes is an osmoconformer but is 5-20 m-osmoles hyperosmotic. It tolerates sea-water dilutions down to about 50%. The hyperosmolality seems to be balanced by a high internal hydrostatic pressure. 6. An excretory activity is observed. The excretion is isosmotic to the haemolymph and is possibly an ultrafiltrate of the latter. 7. The muscle cells show volume regulation, but free amino acids seem to be unimportant in regulation of intracellular osmolality. The concentration of ninhydrinpositive substances in the muscle tissue is about 200 mM for animals in full strength sea water.

scholarly journals Mortality and blood loss by blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated capture and discarding from gillnets

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian S. Uhlmann ◽  
Matt K. Broadhurst ◽  
Brian D. Paterson ◽  
David G. Mayer ◽  
Paul Butcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Uhlmann, S. S., Broadhurst, M. K., Paterson, B. D., Mayer, D. G., Butcher, P., and Brand, C. P. 2009. Mortality and blood loss by blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated capture and discarding from gillnets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 455–461. Two laboratory experiments were carried out to quantify the mortality and physiological responses of juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated gillnet entanglement, air exposure, disentanglement, and discarding. In both experiments, all but control blue swimmer crabs were entangled in 1-m2 gillnet panels for 1 h, exposed to air for 2 min, subjected to various treatments of disentanglement ranging between the forceful removal of none, one, two, and four appendages, then “discarded” into individual experimental tanks and monitored for 10 d. In Experiment 1, mortalities were associated with the number of appendages removed and the occurrence of unsealed wounds. In Experiment 2, live blue swimmer crabs were sampled for blood at 2 min and 6, 24, and 72 h post-discarding to test for the effects of disentanglement and appendage removal on total haemocyte counts, clotting times, protein levels (by refractive index), and blood ion concentrations. Compared with blue swimmer crabs that had sealed or no wounds, those with unsealed wounds had lower total haemocyte counts, protein, and calcium concentrations and increased clotting times and magnesium and sodium levels. Induced autotomy, as opposed to the arbitrary, forceful removal of appendages has the potential to minimize the mortality and stress of discarded, juvenile blue swimmer crabs.

Eco-Physiological Studies of An Intertidal Crustacean, Pollicipes Polymerus (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha): Aquatic and Aerial Respiration

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-320
Author(s):  
J. A. PETERSEN ◽  
H. J. FYHN ◽  
K. JOHANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Pollicipes Polymerus ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Cutaneous Respiration

1. Gas exchange in water and in air of the intertidal cirriped Pollicipes polymerus has been studied by combined field and laboratory experiments. 2. Haemolymph gas tensions and pH are correlated with the tidal cycle in the field. Air exposure is accompanied by increasing oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, and by decreasing haemolymph pH. During resubmersion the respiratory parameters are restored to values typical of the submerged state. There is no accumulation of lactic acid during air exposure. 3. The oxygen uptake of Pollicipes is higher for air exposed than for submerged animals at each tested temperature. In air exposed animals the oxygen uptake shows a decreasing Q10 with increasing temperature between 2 and 27 °C. Pollicipes exhibits oxygen conformity under varying ambient oxygen tensions and no oxygen debt is found after exposure to hypoxic water. 4. The peduncle cuticle is permeable to oxygen and cutaneous respiration at this level may contribute significantly to the overall oxygen uptake. 5. Pollicipes is well adapted to respiratory gas exchange both in water and in air making it a successful species in the intertidal community.

Volume Regulation and Solute Balance in the Nervous Tissue of an Osmoconforming Bivalve (Mytilus Edulis)

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
P. G. WILLMER
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Excitable Membranes ◽  
Actual Volume

1. Mytilus edulis could be adapted to salinities between 25% and 125% under laboratory conditions, with complete ionic and osmotic conformity of the body fluids. 2. Extracellular space, intracellular cation concentrations and water content were determined for the cerebro-visceral connectives of Mytilus adapted to either 100% or 25% salinity. These measurements suggested only a moderate degree of volume regulation (as indicated by relative cell hydration) and net losses of both potassium and sodium from the cells during acclimation to dilute sea water, although neither cation was reduced in proportion to the external concentrations. 3. Measurement of actual volume changes during acute hyposmotic stress indicated a greater capacity for volume control in the 25%-adapted connectives. However, these tissues also showed an increment of 11% in initial diameter, suggesting significant chronic swelling of the cells. 4. Fine-structural studies of Mytilus nerve indicated that the apparent swelling of the dilute-adapted tissues resulted from a roughly threefold thickening of the ensheathing neural lamella due to the deposition of extra collagen-like fibrils, with the axons in fact showing negligible volume increase. The connectives thus appear to exhibit almost perfect volume regulation. 5. To account for the conflicting estimates of volume regulating capacity, it is proposed that the cells are hyperosmotic to their environment at 25% salinity, the hydrostatic gradient thus created being countered by the restraint imposed by the thickened neural lamella. Physical stresses on the excitable membranes of the nerve would thus be minimized, and electrophysiological functioning in dilute media would be facilitated.

Distribution of water in Arenicola marina (L.) equilibrated to diluted sea water

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. H. Freeman ◽  
T. J. Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Osmotic Adaptation ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Wide Range

It is our aim in this paper to answer three questions. All of them relate to the well-known ability of lugworms to act as isosmotic osmo-conformers over a wide range of salinities. When exposed to diluted sea water, the body fluids come into osmotic equilibrium with the lowered external concentration, and considerable amounts of water enter the body of the worm. There is no evidence of weight or volume regulation in dilute media, as assessed by a return of the body weight towards its original value. The processes of osmotic adaptation down to the lowest salinity limits for survival include, therefore, tolerance of a lowered osmotic concentration of the body fluids, and of the retention of increased amounts of water in the body. The evidence on which this view of osmotic adaptation in lugworms is based is reviewed by Oglesby (1969, 1973). Additional information on Arenicola marina is provided by Freeman & Shuttleworth (1977).

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

Zinc Regulation in the Lobster Homarus Gammarus: Importance of Different Pathways of Absorption and Excretion

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan ◽  
L. G. Hummerstone ◽  
Eileen Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Homarus Gammarus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Concentration

Zinc is one of the most important of the essential trace metals and more than 90 zinc-containing enymes and proteins have been discovered: furthermore, zinc increases the activity of many other enzymes (Vallee, 1978). It is not surprising, therefore, that in some groups of animals the body concentration is regulated against fluctuations in intake. Decapod crustaceans comprise one such group, although the ways in which regulation is achieved vary from species to species. In the freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, excretion in the faeces is a major pathway for removing zinc (Bryan, 1967a) whereas in the shore crab Carcinus maenas losses over the body surface also assume considerable importance (Bryan, 1966). On the other hand, preliminary work on the lobster Homarus gammarus (formerly H. vulgaris) suggests that in this species urinary excretion plays a major role in regulation (Bryan, 1964). The present work continues the study of zinc regulation in lobsters and its main aims are: (1) to measure rates of absorption from sea water over a wide range of concentrations and study the uptake mechanism; (2) to examine absorption from the stomach under different conditions; (3) to determine the relative importance of different pathways for the removal of zinc in response to various levels of intake.

scholarly journals Trans-marine dispersal inferred from the saltwater tolerance of lizards from Taiwan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247009
Author(s):  
Min-Hao Hsu ◽  
Jhan-Wei Lin ◽  
Chen-Pan Liao ◽  
Jung-Ya Hsu ◽  
Wen-San Huang
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Marine Dispersal ◽  
Historical Geology ◽  
Saltwater Tolerance ◽  
Hemidactylus Frenatus

Dehydration and hypersalinity challenge non-marine organisms crossing the ocean. The rate of water loss and saltwater tolerance thus determine the ability to disperse over sea and further influence species distribution. Surprisingly, this association between physiology and ecology is rarely investigated in terrestrial vertebrates. Here we conducted immersion experiments to individuals and eggs of six lizard species differently distributed across Taiwan and the adjacent islands to understand if the physiological responses reflect the geographical distribution. We found that Plestiodon elegans had the highest rate of water loss and the lowest saltwater tolerance, whereas Eutropis longicaudata and E. multifasciata showed the lowest rate of water loss and the highest saltwater tolerance. Diploderma swinhonis, Hemidactylus frenatus, and Anolis sagrei had medium measurements. For the eggs, only the rigid-shelled eggs of H. frenatus were incubated successfully after treatments. While, the parchment-shelled eggs of E. longicaudata and D. swinhonis lost or gained water dramatically in the immersions without any successful incubation. Combined with the historical geology of the islands and the origin areas of each species, the inferences of the results largely explain the current distribution of these lizards across Taiwan and the adjacent islands, pioneerly showing the association between physiological capability and species distribution.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KADAR KLORIN PADA TEH CELUP BERDASARKAN WAKTU SEDUHAN

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
S Wansi ◽  
Syahran Wael
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Chlorine Bleach ◽  
Water Substance

Background: Tea is the most widely consumed beverages by all levels of society because in addition to economical, tea is also thought to provide health benefits. Compounds that contribute to the health of the body such as tannins, catechins, flavanols and cafein. Along with its development era community prefers tea bag as it is easy and practical use. Without realizing it, the longer the brewed tea bag in the water substance called chlorine bleach paper contained in tea bags rather the bag of tea bags will also be dissolved.   Method: This research includes the study of laboratory experiments. Object in this study is 4 (four) brand of tea bag and then examined in a Laboratory Ambon Pattimura University Biology Education using thiosulfate titration methode. Result: Anova and Tukey test results indicate that there are differences in the levels of chlorine-based treatment duration and type of tea steeping. The study test showed was obtained at the highest levels of chlorine treatment A1P4 (0,413 ppm) and A4P1 treatment resulted in the lowest levels of chlorine (0,058 ppm). Conclusion: There are differences in the levels of chlorine in various brands of tea bag is Sariwangi tea, sosro tea, poci tea and tong tji tea for time 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes and 8 minutes.

On the use of ammonium for buoyancy in squids

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Clarke ◽  
E. J. Denton ◽  
J. B. Gilpin-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neutral Buoyancy ◽  
Rich Solution ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Neutrally Buoyant

Squids (teuthoids) fall into two distinct groups according to their density in sea water. Squids of one group are considerably denser than sea water and must swim to stop sinking; squids in the other group are nearly neutrally buoyant. Analyses show that in almost all the neutrally buoyant squids large amounts of ammonium are present. This ammonium is not uniformly distributed throughout the body but is mostly confined to special tissues where its concentration can approach half molar. The locations of such tissues differ according to the species and developmental stage of the squid. It is clear that the ammonium-rich solution are almost isosmotic with sea water but of lower density and they are present in sufficient volume to provide the main buoyancy mechanism of these squids. A variety of evidence is given which suggests that squids in no less than 12 of the 26 families achieve near-neutral buoyancy in this way and that 14 families contain squids appreciably denser than sea water [at least one family contains both types of squid]. Some of the ammonium-rich squids are extremely abundant in the oceans.

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