Ion and Water Balance in the Ixodid Tick Dermacentor Andersoni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-564
Author(s):  
W. R. KAUFMAN ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Artificial Medium ◽  
Salivary Duct ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
Cl Secretion ◽  
Wide Range

1. The salivary gland of the ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, can be induced to secrete fluid for at least 6 h when bathed in an artificial medium in vitro. 2. Fluid secretion appears to be a consequence of active Cl secretion since (a) it is inhibited by 95% when nitrate and by 100% when acetate replaces Cl in the bathing medium; however, bromide can support secretion as well as Cl, (b) the rates of fluid and Cl secretion are linearly related to the concentration of Cl in the medium; and (c) the S/H ratio for Cl is greater than unity at all concentrations despite a transacinar P.D. of 35 mV (lumen negative). 3. Although (in the presence of Na) a low concentration of K in the bathing medium stimulates the rate of fluid secretion fivefold, higher concentrations of K inhibit fluid secretion. The latter is largely due to a direct effect of K ion and not simply to increased osmotic pressure or reduced Na concentration. Fluid secretion is completely in hibited by 10-6 M ouabain. On the basis of these observations we propose that fluid secretion may be dependent on a Na-K activated ‘pump ATPase’, which is somehow involved in cation secretion. The S/H ratios of Na and K are greater than unity at all medium concentrations. 4. The saliva secreted in vitro is slightly hypo-osmotic to the bathing medium over a wide range of medium concentration (300-920 mOsm/l). We postulate that the primary saliva is iso- or hyper-osmotic to the bathing medium; the final elaborated saliva is probably rendered hypo-osmotic by a process of solute reabsorption somewhere between the acini and the orifice of the main salivary duct.

Ion and Water Balance in the Ixodid Tick Dermacentor Andersoni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547
Author(s):  
W. R. KAUFMAN ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Mechanism Control ◽  
Transmitter Substance

1. An in vitro method is described for stimulating the salivary gland of Dermacentor andersoni to secrete fluid. In vitro glands require the presence of a catecholamine for salivation to occur. Natural haemolymph from salivating ticks does not trigger secretion suggesting that the tick does not produce a ‘salivation hormone’ analogous to the diuretic hormones of certain insects. 2. Piocarpine, glutamate and malate did not stimulate secretion in vitro. Isoproterenol and 5-hydroxytryptamine were relatively weak stimulants (threshold concentrations of approximately 10-5 M and greater than 10-4 M respectively). Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine were highly effective stimulants, the threshold concentrations being no more than 10-5 M. Adrenaline could also elicit a copious secretion in vivo at a final haemocoele concentration of about 2 x 10-5 M. 3. We postulate that salivation occurs by means of a secretory rather than a filtration-resorption mechanism. Control of fluid secretion is probably neural rather than hormonal, the transmitter substance being a catecholaminergic substance.

The influence of various factors on fluid secretion by in vitro salivary glands of ixodid Ticks

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-742
Author(s):  
W. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Stimulating Factor

1. Salivary glands of the female ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, secrete fluid in vitro when bathed in a slightly modified version of the mammalian tissue culture medium ‘TC 199′. 2. Rate of salivation in vitro increases with progression of feeding, but there is no comparable increase in dry weight of the salivary glands during the early phase of engorgement. Engorged ticks secreted at only 25% the rate of 90–250 mg ticks, indicating that salivary gland degeneration has already begun in the very early post-engorgement stage. 3. A salivary gland stimulating factor can be detected in the nervous system but not in other tissues. 4. Male salivary glands secrete at only 1/20th the rate of female glands. Thus males probably do not use their salivary glands as osmoregulatory organs. 5. From the uniform lack of response to ACh and uniform response to DA in 7 ixodid tick species, it is suggested that the control of salivation is similar throughout the ixodid family.

scholarly journals Changes in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations during the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on an insect salivary gland

1980 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Heslop ◽  
M J Berridge
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala

Salivary glands from adult blowflies (Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen) were studied in vitro. The time course of changes in cyclic AMP content of the glands was followed at different concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine. There was an immediate biphasic rise and fall in cyclic AMP content, following by a slower rise and subsequent gradual decline. The initial rise preceded the onset of fluid secretion by the glands. Rises in cyclic AMP content were inhibited by compound RMI 12330 A (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) and were halted after about 15-20s if the glands were deprived of Ca2+. Theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) abolished the decline phase of the fast response, Losses of cyclic AMP from the glands either to the bathing medium or to the saliva were small and could not account for the rapid fall found. Evidence is presented that cyclic GMP is not involved in the process of initiating secretion in the blowfly salivary gland.

A proposed site of fluid secretion in the salivary gland of the ixodid tick Dermacentor andersoni

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Meredith ◽  
William R. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Main Cell Type ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Vacuolar Cell

The histology and ultrastructure of the salivary gland in Dermacentor andersoni are presented with particular emphasis on those aspects relating to fluid secretion. We suggest that the group III acinus contributes most of the fluid portion of the saliva (i.e. water and small molecules) and that the main cell-type involved is what we name the ‘water-cell’. The granule-cells possibly secrete the cement by which the tick secures its mouthparts to the host, and the ‘vacuolar cell’ possibly produces a protein-rich secretion. The function of the group I acinus remains obscure.

Fluid secretion in the nephron: Relation to renal failure

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Grantham
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Cystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Cystic Kidney ◽  
Obstructive Nephropathy ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Pars Recta ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

It had been generally accepted that glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption were the basic modes of fluid transport in mammalian nephrons. Recently, evidence was obtained to indicate that net fluid secretion may occur in mammalian nephrons as well. In the pars recta portion of proximal tubules of rabbit kidney net fluid secretion was observed in vitro in response to PAH and other aryl acids in the peritubular bathing medium. Net fluid secretion appeared to be coupled to the transcellular transport of aryl acid from bath to lumen. Serum from uremic subjects stimulated net fluid secretion in the pars recta in a manner similar to PAH. The accumulation of high levels of endogenous aryl acids may contribute to the general organ dysfunction that is a part of the uremic syndrome of advanced renal insufficiency. Futhermore, there is evidence to suggest that the fluid-secretion phenomenon in association with aryl acids may significantly affect renal excretion and morphology in slow-flow states, in patients with cystic kidney disease, and in obstructive nephropathy.

Properties of Na, K-ATPase from the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rutti ◽  
B. Schlunegger ◽  
W. Kaufman ◽  
A. Aeschlimann
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
High Concentrations

Tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) salivary glands are a rich source of Na,K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), the fundamental properties of which are similar to those of Na,K-ATPases from other sources. Inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain is quantitatively similar to the inhibition of fluid secretion by this drug. Harmaline at high concentrations also inhibited the Na,K-ATPase. The nucleotides GTP, ITP, and UTP were utilized as substrates, but all were less effective than ATP. Noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenoxybenzamine, all at concentrations known to influence fluid secretion in vitro, had no effect on enzyme activity.

In vitro splenocyte proliferation responses of BALB/c mice to salivary gland extracts of three ixodid tick species (Acari: Ixodidae)

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Kazimírová ◽  
Terézia Rolníková ◽  
Emília Dvorožňáková ◽  
Milan Buc
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
In Vitro Proliferation ◽  
Murine Splenocytes ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractIn vitro proliferation and cytokine production were investigated in BALB/c mice splenic cell cultures that were stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and simultaneously exposed to salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed adult ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum). Generally, tick SGE enhanced proliferation of unstimulated splenocytes and SGE of unfed ticks suppressed mitogen induced proliferation. Partially fed R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum suppressed ConA responses, while partially fed I. ricinus stimulated both ConA and LPS induced proliferation. A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus females slightly enhanced LPS responses 2 days after attachment but suppressed them at the end of the slow feeding phase. In 72 h ConA induced cell cultures, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was suppressed by SGE of all ticks, interleukin (IL)-10 production was enhanced by unfed I. ricinus and partially fed A. variegatum males and IL-5 production was enhanced by feeding R. appendiculatus females and A. variegatum males. The study revealed variability in the responsiveness of murine splenocytes to SGE of different ixodid tick species, whereby patterns of host immunomodulation within one tick species differed between sexes and changed during feeding.

Development of Nanofiber Scaffolds for Engineering an Artificial Salivary Gland

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Larsen ◽  
Riffard Jean-Gilles ◽  
David Soscia ◽  
Sharon Sequeira ◽  
Michael Melfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Membrane Surfaces ◽  
Junction Proteins

There is currently a significant clinical need for artificial salivary glands as a therapeutic option for patients suffering from xerostomia. To achieve unidirectional fluid secretion, the epithelial acinar cells must establish and maintain polarity by partitioning the plasma membrane into distinct apical and basolateral membrane surfaces to achieve unidirectional fluid secretion. Establishment and maintenance of epithelial acinar cell polarity has been difficult to achieve in vitro, and yet is critical saliva secretion in an engineered salivary gland. Physical properties of the scaffold provided to epithelial cells will likely influence their ability to differentiate and achieve apical-basal polarity. We have engineered nanofiber matrices using the biocompatible polymer, PLGA (poly-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) having differing topology and organization and documented the structure of these scaffolds using SEM. We evaluated the effects of several factors on epithelial cell attachment, self-organization, and apico-basal polarity on the scaffolds using confocal microscopy to examine expression and organization of apical tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and claudins, and basal markers, such as integrin α6 and the ECM protein fibronectin. The surface of the nanofiber matrix was functionalized with chemically-linked ligands to further optimize apical-basal polarity. These studies will identify an optimal scaffold for future use in an engineered functional salivary gland construct.

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