The influence of various factors on fluid secretion by in vitro salivary glands of ixodid Ticks

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-742
Author(s):  
W. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Stimulating Factor

1. Salivary glands of the female ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, secrete fluid in vitro when bathed in a slightly modified version of the mammalian tissue culture medium ‘TC 199′. 2. Rate of salivation in vitro increases with progression of feeding, but there is no comparable increase in dry weight of the salivary glands during the early phase of engorgement. Engorged ticks secreted at only 25% the rate of 90–250 mg ticks, indicating that salivary gland degeneration has already begun in the very early post-engorgement stage. 3. A salivary gland stimulating factor can be detected in the nervous system but not in other tissues. 4. Male salivary glands secrete at only 1/20th the rate of female glands. Thus males probably do not use their salivary glands as osmoregulatory organs. 5. From the uniform lack of response to ACh and uniform response to DA in 7 ixodid tick species, it is suggested that the control of salivation is similar throughout the ixodid family.

Properties of Na, K-ATPase from the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rutti ◽  
B. Schlunegger ◽  
W. Kaufman ◽  
A. Aeschlimann
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
High Concentrations

Tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) salivary glands are a rich source of Na,K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), the fundamental properties of which are similar to those of Na,K-ATPases from other sources. Inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain is quantitatively similar to the inhibition of fluid secretion by this drug. Harmaline at high concentrations also inhibited the Na,K-ATPase. The nucleotides GTP, ITP, and UTP were utilized as substrates, but all were less effective than ATP. Noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenoxybenzamine, all at concentrations known to influence fluid secretion in vitro, had no effect on enzyme activity.

In vitro splenocyte proliferation responses of BALB/c mice to salivary gland extracts of three ixodid tick species (Acari: Ixodidae)

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Kazimírová ◽  
Terézia Rolníková ◽  
Emília Dvorožňáková ◽  
Milan Buc
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
In Vitro Proliferation ◽  
Murine Splenocytes ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractIn vitro proliferation and cytokine production were investigated in BALB/c mice splenic cell cultures that were stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and simultaneously exposed to salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed adult ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum). Generally, tick SGE enhanced proliferation of unstimulated splenocytes and SGE of unfed ticks suppressed mitogen induced proliferation. Partially fed R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum suppressed ConA responses, while partially fed I. ricinus stimulated both ConA and LPS induced proliferation. A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus females slightly enhanced LPS responses 2 days after attachment but suppressed them at the end of the slow feeding phase. In 72 h ConA induced cell cultures, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was suppressed by SGE of all ticks, interleukin (IL)-10 production was enhanced by unfed I. ricinus and partially fed A. variegatum males and IL-5 production was enhanced by feeding R. appendiculatus females and A. variegatum males. The study revealed variability in the responsiveness of murine splenocytes to SGE of different ixodid tick species, whereby patterns of host immunomodulation within one tick species differed between sexes and changed during feeding.

scholarly journals Neural Involvement in the Control of Salivary Gland Degeneration in the Ixodid Tick Amblyomma Hebraeum

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
ROBERT A. HARRIS ◽  
WILLIAM R. KAUFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Seminal Receptacle ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Male Genital

1. We have developed a simple, quantitative assay to monitor salivary gland function in ixodid ticks. 2. Salivary glands of engorged (1.0-3.0g), or partially engorged (0.40-1.0g), Amblyomma hebraeum Koch lose virtually all secretory function within 4 days after engorgement. 3. Salivary glands from partially-fed ticks (0.20-0.30 g) lose 75 % of their secretory ability by 4 days post-removal, but retain this level of function for at least another 11 days. 4. Partially-fed ticks (0.20-0.30 g) removed from the host for 4 days and then allowed to re-attach and resume feeding for a further 2 days, recover much of their lost function. 5. Cutting the opisthosomal nerves of partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g) inhibits salivary gland degeneration. 6. Excising the seminal receptacle from partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g) inhibits salivary gland degeneration. Replacement of the seminal receptacle permits salivary gland degeneration to proceed normally. The factor from the seminal receptacle appears to be distinct from tick salivary gland degeneration factor (TSGDF; Harris & Kaufman, 1981). 7. Injecting a crude extract of male genital tracts into large, partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g), which had had their seminal receptacles removed, caused virtually complete salivary gland degeneration. Such ticks, when injected with an extract of male salivary glands, showed no such degeneration. This suggests that the factor associated with mating originates in the male and is transferred to the female during copulation.

Ion and Water Balance in the Ixodid Tick Dermacentor Andersoni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-564
Author(s):  
W. R. KAUFMAN ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Artificial Medium ◽  
Salivary Duct ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
Cl Secretion ◽  
Wide Range

1. The salivary gland of the ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, can be induced to secrete fluid for at least 6 h when bathed in an artificial medium in vitro. 2. Fluid secretion appears to be a consequence of active Cl secretion since (a) it is inhibited by 95% when nitrate and by 100% when acetate replaces Cl in the bathing medium; however, bromide can support secretion as well as Cl, (b) the rates of fluid and Cl secretion are linearly related to the concentration of Cl in the medium; and (c) the S/H ratio for Cl is greater than unity at all concentrations despite a transacinar P.D. of 35 mV (lumen negative). 3. Although (in the presence of Na) a low concentration of K in the bathing medium stimulates the rate of fluid secretion fivefold, higher concentrations of K inhibit fluid secretion. The latter is largely due to a direct effect of K ion and not simply to increased osmotic pressure or reduced Na concentration. Fluid secretion is completely in hibited by 10-6 M ouabain. On the basis of these observations we propose that fluid secretion may be dependent on a Na-K activated ‘pump ATPase’, which is somehow involved in cation secretion. The S/H ratios of Na and K are greater than unity at all medium concentrations. 4. The saliva secreted in vitro is slightly hypo-osmotic to the bathing medium over a wide range of medium concentration (300-920 mOsm/l). We postulate that the primary saliva is iso- or hyper-osmotic to the bathing medium; the final elaborated saliva is probably rendered hypo-osmotic by a process of solute reabsorption somewhere between the acini and the orifice of the main salivary duct.

Ion and Water Balance in the Ixodid Tick Dermacentor Andersoni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547
Author(s):  
W. R. KAUFMAN ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Mechanism Control ◽  
Transmitter Substance

1. An in vitro method is described for stimulating the salivary gland of Dermacentor andersoni to secrete fluid. In vitro glands require the presence of a catecholamine for salivation to occur. Natural haemolymph from salivating ticks does not trigger secretion suggesting that the tick does not produce a ‘salivation hormone’ analogous to the diuretic hormones of certain insects. 2. Piocarpine, glutamate and malate did not stimulate secretion in vitro. Isoproterenol and 5-hydroxytryptamine were relatively weak stimulants (threshold concentrations of approximately 10-5 M and greater than 10-4 M respectively). Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine were highly effective stimulants, the threshold concentrations being no more than 10-5 M. Adrenaline could also elicit a copious secretion in vivo at a final haemocoele concentration of about 2 x 10-5 M. 3. We postulate that salivation occurs by means of a secretory rather than a filtration-resorption mechanism. Control of fluid secretion is probably neural rather than hormonal, the transmitter substance being a catecholaminergic substance.

Mesenchymal control over elongating and branching morphogenesis in salivary gland development

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Nogawa ◽  
Takeo Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Mouse Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Gland Development

Recombination of the epithelium and mesenchyme between quail anterior submaxillary gland (elongating type) and quail anterior lingual or mouse submaxillary gland (branching type) was effected in vitro to clarify whether the elongating morphogenesis was directed by the epithelial or the mesenchymal component. Quail anterior submaxillary epithelium recombined with quail anterior lingual or mouse submaxillary mesenchyme came to branch. Conversely, quail anterior lingual or 12-day mouse submaxillary epithelium recombined with quail anterior submaxillary mesenchyme came to elongate, though the mesenchyme was less effective with 13-day mouse submaxillary epithelium. These results suggest that the elongating or branching morphogenesis of quail salivary glands is controlled by the mesenchyme.

scholarly journals MODIFICAÇÕES NO MEIO DE CULTURA, FOTOPERÍODO E TEMPO DE CULTIVO AFETAM O ALONGAMENTO E ENRAIZAMENTO IN VITRO DE BANANEIRA CV. PACOVAN

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinícius Marques Pinheiro ◽  
Ana Cristina Portugal Pinto De Carvalho ◽  
Fabrina Bolzan Martins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Musa Spp ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves

No intuito de elevar as taxas de sobrevivência durante a etapa de aclimatização e posterior plantio a campo, avaliou-se o enraizamento in vitro de bananeira cv. Pacovan, em diferentes concentrações de sais MS e de sacarose. Utilizou-se DIC, esquema fatorial (6x2x3), com seis meios de cultura [sendo três concentrações de nutrientes do meio MS (100%; 50% de macronutrientes; e 50% dos sais macro e micronutrientes), e duas concentrações de sacarose (1,5/3,0%)], dois fotoperíodos (12/16 h) e três tempos de cultivo (21, 28 ou 35 dias) e seis repetições/tratamento. Analisaram-se: altura da planta, número de folhas/planta, massas frescas e secas das partes aérea e radicular. Para altura da planta, massa fresca da parte aérea e radicular, o meio MS 50% dos sais + sacarose (1,5%) com fotoperíodo de 16 h e tempo de cultivo de 35 dias foi satisfatório. Para massa seca da parte aérea foi MS 50% de sais + sacarose (3%), e para massa seca da parte radicular, MS 100% + sacarose (3%) (em 12hs/28 dias e 16hs/21 dias). Para o alongamento/enraizamento in vitro da bananeira cv. Pacovan sugere-se MS 50% de sais (macro e micronutrientes), redução ou manutenção de sacarose (1,5 ou 3%) em 16h/35 dias de cultivo.Palavra-chave: Musa spp., propagação in vitro, sistema radicular. CHANGES IN CULTURE MEDIUM, PHOTOPERIOD AND TIME OF CULTIVATION AFFECT THE IN VITRO ELONGATION AND ROOTING OF BANANA CV. PACOVAN ABSTRACT:In order to achieve high rates of survival during the acclimatization and later planting in the field, was evaluated the in vitro of banana cv. Pacovan plants under different concentrations of sucrose and MS basal salt mixture. The experiment was assembled in a DIC, in 6x2x3, six different culture media [three different MS salt mixture concentrations (100%; 50% of macronutrients; and 50% of macro/micronutrients) and two sucrose concentrations (1.5/3%)], two photoperiods (12/16 hours) and three cultivation times (21, 28 or 35 days). Each treatment was composed by 6 replicates. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, were analyzed. Satisfactory results for plant height and shoot and root fresh biomass were observed in MS with macro/micronutrients (50%) + sucrose (3%), 16 hours/35 days. The highest values of shoot dry weight were observed in MS with macro/micronutrients (50%) + sucrose (3%); the highest root dry weight was achieved with MS 100% + sucrose (3%) (12hs/28 and 16hs/21 days). The suggested medium for the in vitro elongation and rooting stage of banana cv. Pacovan is the MS with 50% of salts (macro and micronutrients), reduction or maintenance of sucrose (1.5 or 3%) in 16h/35 days of cultivation.Keywords: Musa spp., in vitro propagation, root system. DOI:

Localization of actin in the salivary glands of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
William Lamoreaux ◽  
Naby Sankhon ◽  
Lewis B. Coons
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Rhodamine Phalloidin ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Dog Tick ◽  
Dot Blot Analysis

The salivary glands of ixodid ticks are the primary organs of osmoregulation and the source of pathogen transfer from tick to host. Excess fluid is extracted from the blood meal, moved across the gut wall and into the salivary glands, where it is returned to the host. Previously it has been shown in vivo and in vitro that the type III acinus alternately swells as it fills with fluid and then contracts as the acinus empties, and that cytochalasin D prevents contraction of the type III acini.In this investigation, the rhodamine-phalloidin technique was used to localize actin filaments in the salivary glands of fed mated female ticks. Two microfilament inhibitors were used as controls. Samples were also taken for electron microscopy and dot blot analysis.

scholarly journals Antibodies against MAEBL Ligand Domains M1 and M2 Inhibit Sporozoite Development In Vitro

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3604-3608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Preiser ◽  
Laurent Rénia ◽  
Naresh Singh ◽  
Bharath Balu ◽  
William Jarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Apical Membrane Antigen 1 ◽  
Erythrocyte Binding ◽  
Development In Vitro

ABSTRACT MAEBL is a type 1 membrane protein that is implicated in the merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands. This apical organelle protein is structurally similar to the ebl erythrocyte binding proteins, such as EBA-175, except that the tandem ligand domains of MAEBL are similar to part of the extracellular domain of apical membrane antigen 1 and not the Duffy binding-like domain. Although midgut and salivary gland sporozoites are morphologically similar, salivary gland sporozoites undergo a period of new gene expression after infecting the salivary glands, display distinct phenotypic differences, and are more infectious for the mammalian host. The objectives of this project were to determine the molecular form of MAEBL in the infectious salivary gland sporozoites and whether the ligand has a role in the sporozoite development to exoerythrocytic stages in hepatocytes. We determined that MAEBL is newly expressed in salivary gland sporozoites and in a form distinct from what is present in the midgut sporozoites or present in erythrocytic stages. Both ligand domains (M1 and M2) were expressed as part of a full-length membrane form of MAEBL in the salivary gland sporozoites in contrast to the other stages that retain only the M2 ligand domain as part of the membrane form of the protein. Antisera developed against the cysteine-rich regions of the extracellular portion of MAEBL inhibited sporozoite development to exoerythrocytic forms in vitro. Together these data indicate that MAEBL has a role in this third developmental stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. Thus, MAEBL is another target for pre-erythrocytic-stage vaccine development against malaria parasites.

Preliminary Experiments with a Defined Culture Medium for Larval Fasciola hepatica

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. V. Pullin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Defined Culture ◽  
Stock Solutions

A defined medium is described as a basis for in vitro culture work with larval Fasciola hepatica. This medium, termed BCM, can be quickly made up by using a system of stock solutions. BCM contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and antibiotics, but no lipid or proteins. Rediae can be dissected from infected snails for culture, but many appear to be contaminated with bacteria. Large rediae cannot survive in BCM but free immature cercariae can complete their final maturation in vitro. This final maturation, from the 30th to the 35th day after miracidial penetration of donor snails, includes tail growth and appearance of body pigmentation. Cercariae matured in vitro encyst successfully when transferred from BCM to water. Small rediae survive in BCM for 5 days, but show no growth or development measured as dry weight and total nitrogen.

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