scholarly journals Neural Involvement in the Control of Salivary Gland Degeneration in the Ixodid Tick Amblyomma Hebraeum

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
ROBERT A. HARRIS ◽  
WILLIAM R. KAUFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Seminal Receptacle ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Male Genital

1. We have developed a simple, quantitative assay to monitor salivary gland function in ixodid ticks. 2. Salivary glands of engorged (1.0-3.0g), or partially engorged (0.40-1.0g), Amblyomma hebraeum Koch lose virtually all secretory function within 4 days after engorgement. 3. Salivary glands from partially-fed ticks (0.20-0.30 g) lose 75 % of their secretory ability by 4 days post-removal, but retain this level of function for at least another 11 days. 4. Partially-fed ticks (0.20-0.30 g) removed from the host for 4 days and then allowed to re-attach and resume feeding for a further 2 days, recover much of their lost function. 5. Cutting the opisthosomal nerves of partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g) inhibits salivary gland degeneration. 6. Excising the seminal receptacle from partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g) inhibits salivary gland degeneration. Replacement of the seminal receptacle permits salivary gland degeneration to proceed normally. The factor from the seminal receptacle appears to be distinct from tick salivary gland degeneration factor (TSGDF; Harris & Kaufman, 1981). 7. Injecting a crude extract of male genital tracts into large, partially-fed ticks (0.40-1.0 g), which had had their seminal receptacles removed, caused virtually complete salivary gland degeneration. Such ticks, when injected with an extract of male salivary glands, showed no such degeneration. This suggests that the factor associated with mating originates in the male and is transferred to the female during copulation.

The influence of various factors on fluid secretion by in vitro salivary glands of ixodid Ticks

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-742
Author(s):  
W. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Stimulating Factor

1. Salivary glands of the female ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, secrete fluid in vitro when bathed in a slightly modified version of the mammalian tissue culture medium ‘TC 199′. 2. Rate of salivation in vitro increases with progression of feeding, but there is no comparable increase in dry weight of the salivary glands during the early phase of engorgement. Engorged ticks secreted at only 25% the rate of 90–250 mg ticks, indicating that salivary gland degeneration has already begun in the very early post-engorgement stage. 3. A salivary gland stimulating factor can be detected in the nervous system but not in other tissues. 4. Male salivary glands secrete at only 1/20th the rate of female glands. Thus males probably do not use their salivary glands as osmoregulatory organs. 5. From the uniform lack of response to ACh and uniform response to DA in 7 ixodid tick species, it is suggested that the control of salivation is similar throughout the ixodid family.

Mathematical evaluation of post-radiotherapy salivary gland function using salivary gland scintigraphy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Itonaga ◽  
Koichi Tokuuye ◽  
Ryuji Mikami ◽  
Akira Shimizu ◽  
Hiroki Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Conformal Radiotherapy ◽  
Head And Neck Carcinoma ◽  
Salivary Gland Function ◽  
Salivary Gland Scintigraphy ◽  
Radiotherapy Group ◽  
Tolerance Dose ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Mathematical Evaluation

Objective: Xerostomia is the most common treatment-related toxicity after radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck carcinoma, reducing the quality of life of patients due to a decrease in salivary gland function. Methods: Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed to quantitatively evaluate the salivary gland functions in patients undergoing RT. It was done chronologically for 62 salivary glands of 31 patients before RT and retested 12 months later. Results: The salivary gland functions of most patients deteriorated post-RT and recovered when the radiation dose to the salivary gland was not high. The mean dose to the salivary gland was found to be the most reliable factor in deteriorating salivary gland function, and the tolerance dose was determined to be 46 Gy. The recovery rate of salivary gland function after 1 year of RT was 72% in the RT alone group (n = 10), 56% in the conformal radiotherapy group (n = 15), and 44% in the bioradiotherapy group (n = 6). Conclusion: Scintigraphy revealed that the salivary glands recovered from post-RT hypofunction when decreased doses were administered. The determined tolerance dose of 46 Gy may guide the approach to minimizing associated xerostomia in RT. Advances in knowledge: In this study, the average tolerated dose to the salivary glands was 46 Gy.

Salivary gland diseases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Robinson ◽  
Keith Hunter ◽  
Michael Pemberton ◽  
Philip Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Gland Function

The salivary glands consist of three paired major glands—parotid, sub­mandibular, and sublingual—and the countless minor salivary glands found in almost every part of the oral cavity, except the gingiva and anterior regions of the hard palate. The secretion of saliva is essential for the normal function and health of the mouth, and disorders of salivary gland function predispose to oral disease. Functional disorders in salivary secretion may be associated with primary salivary gland disease but in other cases are a consequence of systemic factors, such as medi­cations, endocrine disturbances, and neurological disease, which are discussed in Chapter 10. Developmental anomalies of the salivary glands are rare. Aplasia of one or more major glands and atresia of one or more major salivary gland ducts have been reported. Congenital aplasia of the parotid gland may be associated with other facial abnormalities, e.g. ectodermal dysplasia, mandibulofacial dysostosis, and hemifacial microsomia. Heterotopic salivary tissue has been reported from a variety of sites in the head and neck region, the most frequent being its inclusion at the angle, or within the body, of the mandible, called a Stafne bone cavity. It is usually an incidental radiological finding and appears as a round or oval, well-demarcated radiolucency between the premolar region and angle of the jaw, and is typically located beneath the inferior dental canal. The radiographic appearances are due to a saucer-shaped depression or concavity of varying depth on the lingual aspect of the mandible, which contains salivary tissue in continuity with the submandibular gland. Accessory parotid tissue within the cheek or masseter muscle is rela­tively common and is subject to the same diseases that may affect the main gland. Age changes can be detected in both major and minor salivary glands. Reduction in the weights of submandibular and parotid glands has been reported with increasing age, associated in the submandibular gland with an age-dependent reduction in flow rates. By contrast, sev­eral studies have demonstrated that there is no significant reduction in parotid flow rates in the elderly.

scholarly journals Natriuretic peptide system expression in murine and human submandibular salivary glands: a study of the spatial localisation of ANB, BNP, CNP and their receptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Araz Ahmed ◽  
Alessandro Gulino ◽  
Simita Amayo ◽  
Walter Arancio ◽  
Ada Maria Florena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Glands ◽  
Peptide System ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Autocrine Signalling ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide System

Abstract The natriuretic peptide (NP) system comprises of three ligands, the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), Brain Natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type Natriuretic peptide (CNP), and three natriuretic peptide receptors, NPRA, NPRB and NPRC. Here we present a comprehensive study of the natriuretic peptide system in healthy murine and human submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). We show CNP is the dominant NP in mouse and human SMG and is expressed together with NP receptors in ducts, autonomic nerves and the microvasculature of the gland, suggesting CNP autocrine signalling may take place in some of these glandular structures. These data suggest the NP system may control salivary gland function during homeostasis through the regulation of electrolyte re-absorption, neural stimulation and/or blood vessel wall contraction/relaxation. We also show abnormal expression of NPRA in the stroma of a subset of human SMGs resected from patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of non-salivary gland origin. This finding warrants further research to investigate a possible correlation between early OSCC invasion and NPRA overexpression.

scholarly journals Eight-Week Consumption of High-Sucrose Diet Has a Pro-Oxidant Effect and Alters the Function of the Salivary Glands of Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Maciejczyk ◽  
Jan Matczuk ◽  
Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska ◽  
Wiesława Niklińska ◽  
Katarzyna Fejfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
High Sucrose

A high-sucrose diet (HSD) is widely known for its cariogenic effects and promotion of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. However, the impact of the HSD diet on the salivary gland function as well as the level of salivary oxidative stress is still unknown and requires evaluation. Our study is the first to determine both redox balance and oxidative injury in the parotid and submandibular glands of rats fed the HSD diet compared to the control group. We have demonstrated that uric acid concentration and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase varied significantly in both the submandibular and parotid glands of HSD rats vs. the control group. However, enhanced oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA (increase in advanced glycation end products, advanced oxidation protein products, 4-hydroxynonenal, and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) was observed only in the parotid glands of HSD rats. Moreover, the HSD diet also reduced the total protein content and amylase activity in both types of salivary glands and decreased the stimulated salivary flow rate. To sum up, an HSD diet reduces salivary gland function and disturbs the redox balance of the parotid as well as submandibular salivary glands. However, the parotid glands are more vulnerable to both antioxidant disturbances and oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Ticks associated with the three largest wild ruminant species in Southern Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Horak ◽  
H. Golezardy ◽  
A.C. Uys
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Wild Ruminant ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Ixodes Rubicundus ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi ◽  
Host Status

The objective of this study was to assess the host status of the three largest southern African wild ruminants, namely giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis, African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, and eland, Taurotragus oryx for ixodid ticks. To this end recently acquired unpublished data are added here to already published findings on the tick burdens of these animals, and the total numbers and species of ticks recorded on 12 giraffes, 18 buffaloes and 36 eland are summarized and discussed. Twenty-eight ixodid tick species were recovered. All stages of development of ten species, namely Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Haemaphysalis silacea, Ixodes pilosus group, Margaropus winthemi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum, Rhipicephalus maculates and Rhipicephalus muehlensi were collected. The adults of 13 species, of which the immature stages use small mammals as hosts, namely Haemaphysalis aciculifer, Hyalomma glabrum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus lounsburyi, Rhipicephalus lunulatus, Rhipicephalus pravus group and Rhipicephalus simus, were also collected.

Properties of Na, K-ATPase from the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rutti ◽  
B. Schlunegger ◽  
W. Kaufman ◽  
A. Aeschlimann
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
High Concentrations

Tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) salivary glands are a rich source of Na,K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), the fundamental properties of which are similar to those of Na,K-ATPases from other sources. Inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain is quantitatively similar to the inhibition of fluid secretion by this drug. Harmaline at high concentrations also inhibited the Na,K-ATPase. The nucleotides GTP, ITP, and UTP were utilized as substrates, but all were less effective than ATP. Noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenoxybenzamine, all at concentrations known to influence fluid secretion in vitro, had no effect on enzyme activity.

In vitro splenocyte proliferation responses of BALB/c mice to salivary gland extracts of three ixodid tick species (Acari: Ixodidae)

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Kazimírová ◽  
Terézia Rolníková ◽  
Emília Dvorožňáková ◽  
Milan Buc
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
In Vitro Proliferation ◽  
Murine Splenocytes ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractIn vitro proliferation and cytokine production were investigated in BALB/c mice splenic cell cultures that were stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and simultaneously exposed to salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed adult ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum). Generally, tick SGE enhanced proliferation of unstimulated splenocytes and SGE of unfed ticks suppressed mitogen induced proliferation. Partially fed R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum suppressed ConA responses, while partially fed I. ricinus stimulated both ConA and LPS induced proliferation. A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus females slightly enhanced LPS responses 2 days after attachment but suppressed them at the end of the slow feeding phase. In 72 h ConA induced cell cultures, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was suppressed by SGE of all ticks, interleukin (IL)-10 production was enhanced by unfed I. ricinus and partially fed A. variegatum males and IL-5 production was enhanced by feeding R. appendiculatus females and A. variegatum males. The study revealed variability in the responsiveness of murine splenocytes to SGE of different ixodid tick species, whereby patterns of host immunomodulation within one tick species differed between sexes and changed during feeding.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document