Metal Fatigue—Past, Current and Future

1991 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
K J Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Cyclic Deformation ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metal Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Lifetime ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Deformation Processes

Metal fatigue has been a problem for more than 150 years, but because of rapid developments in fracture mechanics analyses, possibly at the expense of the traditional approach based on cyclic deformation processes, afar better understanding of fatigue failure behaviour has recently been achieved. Consequently the engineer now has the basic tools at his/her disposal to make good assessments of the numerous factors that control the fatigue lifetime of engineering materials, components and structures. Additionally, more intensive interdisciplinary research studies involving chemists, materials scientists, mathematicians and physicists—but engineering led—have generated both greater insights into long-known industrial problems and routes to required solutions. This paper traces the growth of recent developments in understanding metal fatigue from the days of our mentors to the present day, and concludes with a brief review of some future research areas that are now available for exploitation.

scholarly journals A synthesis of research needs for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 9133-9144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiming Zhang ◽  
Seth Lyman ◽  
Huiting Mao ◽  
Che-Jen Lin ◽  
David A. Gay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Mercury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Operation Knowledge

Abstract. This synthesis identifies future research needs in atmospheric mercury science, based on a series of review papers, as well as recent developments in field data collection, modeling analysis, and emission assessments of speciated atmospheric mercury. Research activities are proposed that focus on areas that we consider important. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation. Knowledge gained in these research areas will significantly improve our understanding of atmospheric cycling from local to global scales.

scholarly journals Consumer-driven e-commerce

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Frederick W.T. Lim ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Jagjit Singh Srai
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Business To Consumer

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the extant research on last-mile logistics (LML) models and consider LML’s diverse roots in city logistics, home delivery and business-to-consumer distribution, and more recent developments within the e-commerce digital supply chain context. The review offers a structured approach to what is currently a disparate and fractured field in logistics. Design/methodology/approach The systematic literature review examines the interface between e-commerce and LML. Following a protocol-driven methodology, combined with a “snowballing” technique, a total of 47 articles form the basis of the review. Findings The literature analysis conceptualises the relationship between a broad set of contingency variables and operational characteristics of LML configuration (push-centric, pull-centric, and hybrid system) via a set of structural variables, which are captured in the form of a design framework. The authors propose four future research areas reflecting likely digital supply chain evolutions. Research limitations/implications To circumvent subjective selection of articles for inclusion, all papers were assessed independently by two researchers and counterchecked with two independent logistics experts. Resulting classifications inform the development of future LML models. Practical implications The design framework of this study provides practitioners insights on key contingency and structural variables and their interrelationships, as well as viable configuration options within given boundary conditions. The reformulated knowledge allows these prescriptive models to inform practitioners in their design of last-mile distribution. Social implications Improved LML performance would have positive societal impacts in terms of service and resource efficiency. Originality/value This paper provides the first comprehensive review on LML models in the modern e-commerce context. It synthesises knowledge of LML models and provides insights on current trends and future research directions.

scholarly journals A synthesis of research needs for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiming Zhang ◽  
Seth Lyman ◽  
Huiting Mao ◽  
Che-Jen Lin ◽  
David A. Gay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Mercury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Operation Knowledge

Abstract. This synthesis identifies future research needs in atmospheric mercury science, based on a series of review papers, as well as recent developments in field data collection, modeling analysis, and emission assessments of speciated atmospheric mercury. Research activities are proposed that focus on areas that we consider important. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air-surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation. Knowledge gained in these research areas will significantly improve our understanding of atmospheric cycling from local to global scales.

Recent developments in Latvian dialectology

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 147-177
Author(s):  
Anna Daugavet
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Dialect Geography

Trumpa, Edmunds. 2012. Latviešu ģeolingvistikas etīdes [Studies in Latvian Dialect Geography]. Rīga: Zinātne. ISBN 978–9984–879–34–5.Sarkanis, Alberts. 2013. Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Fonētika. Apraksts, kartes un to komentāri [Latvian Dialect Atlas. Phonetics. Description, Maps and Commentaries]. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts. ISBN: 978–9984–742–68–7 The last year saw the appearance of two significant contributions to the study of Latvian dialects. These are the phonology part of the Latvian Dialect Atlas prepared by Alberts Sarkanis (2013) and Latviešu ģeolingvistikas etīdes by Edmunds (Edmundas) Trumpa (2012a). The two are very different in their aims and methods, even though both deal with phonetic isoglosses of traditional rural dialects. In fact, traditional rural dialects are still considered as the only object of research by Latvian dialectologists in spite of the considerable changes to the field elsewhere, marked by the breakdown of the barriers between dialectology and sociolinguistics (see e.g. Chambers & Trudgill 2004 and Auer & Schmidt 2010). However, of the two reviewed books, Trumpa (2012a) seems to be closer to the modern understanding of research into language and space, and therefore his work can be seen as a promise of changes in Latvian dialectology, whereas Sarkanis (2013) almost entirely belongs to the traditional approach. Nevertheless, in the context of Trumpa’s rather innovative book, Sarkanis’ Phonological Atlas serves as a summary of achievements from the previous stage.

A Review of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) based on Bibliometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Gaurav ◽  
Abhay Sharma ◽  
G S Dangayach ◽  
M L Meena
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Minimum Quantity Lubrication ◽  
Citation Network ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Minimum Quantity ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Future Research Directions

Background: Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is one of the most promising machining techniques that can yield a reduction in consumption of cutting fluid more than 90 % while ensuring the surface quality and tool life. The significance of the MQL in machining makes it imperative to consolidate and analyse the current direction and status of research in MQL. Objective: This study aims to assess global research publication trends and hot topics in the field of MQL among machining process. The bibliometric and descriptive analysis are the tools that the investigation aims to use for the data analysis of related literature collected from Scopus databases. Methods: Various performance parameters are extracted, such as document types and languages of publication, annual scientific production, total documents, total citations, and citations per article. The top 20 of the most relevant and productive sources, authors, affiliations, countries, word cloud, and word dynamics are assessed. The graphical visualisation of the bibliometric data is presented in terms of bibliographic coupling, citation, and co-citation network. Results: The investigation reveals that the International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture (2611 citations, 31 hindex) is the most productive journal that publishes on MQL. The most productive institution is the University of Michigan (32 publications), the most cited country is Germany (1879 citations), and the most productive country in MQL is China (124 publications). The study shows that ‘Cryogenic Machining’, ‘Sustainable Machining’, ‘Sustainability’, ‘Nanofluid’ and ‘Titanium alloy’ are the most recent keywords and indications of the hot topics and future research directions in the MQL field. Conclusion: The analysis finds that MQL is progressing in publications and the emerging with issues that are strongly associated with the research. This study is expected to help the researchers to find the most current research areas through the author’s keywords and future research directions in MQL and thereby expand their research interests.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 698-719
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Rice ◽  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Jordana Blejmar
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technology And Society ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Research Areas

We conclude the Handbook of Digital Technology and Society by identifying topics that appear in multiple chapters, are more unique to some chapters, and that represent general themes across the material. Each of these is considered separately for the ESRC theme chapters and the non-ESRC chapters. In the ESRC theme chapters, cross-cutting research topics include digital divides and inequalities; data and digital literacy; governance, regulation, and legislation; and the roles and impacts of major platforms. Cross-cutting challenges include methods; theory development, testing, and evaluation; ethics; big data; and multi-platform/holistic studies. Gaps include policy implications, and digital culture. In the non-ESRC chapters, more cross-cutting themes include future research and methods; technology venues; relationships; content and creation; culture and everyday life; theory; and societal effects. More unique, these were digitization of self; managing digital experience; names for the digital/social era; ethics; user groups; civic issues; health, and positive effects. The chapter also shows how the non-ESRC chapters may be clustered together based on their shared themes and subthemes, identifying two general themes of more micro and more macro topics. The identification of both more and less common topics and themes can provide the basis for understanding the landscape of prior research, what areas need to be included in ongoing research, and what research areas might benefit from more attention. The chapter ends with some recommendations for such ongoing and future research in the rich, important, and challenging area of digital technology and society.

scholarly journals Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polona Caserman ◽  
Augusto Garcia-Agundez ◽  
Alvar Gámez Zerban ◽  
Stefan Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Golden Standard

AbstractCybersickness (CS) is a term used to refer to symptoms, such as nausea, headache, and dizziness that users experience during or after virtual reality immersion. Initially discovered in flight simulators, commercial virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) of the current generation also seem to cause CS, albeit in a different manner and severity. The goal of this work is to summarize recent literature on CS with modern HMDs, to determine the specificities and profile of immersive VR-caused CS, and to provide an outlook for future research areas. A systematic review was performed on the databases IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM, and Scopus from 2013 to 2019 and 49 publications were selected. A summarized text states how different VR HMDs impact CS, how the nature of movement in VR HMDs contributes to CS, and how we can use biosensors to detect CS. The results of the meta-analysis show that although current-generation VR HMDs cause significantly less CS ($$p<0.001$$ p < 0.001 ), some symptoms remain as intense. Further results show that the nature of movement and, in particular, sensory mismatch as well as perceived motion have been the leading cause of CS. We suggest an outlook on future research, including the use of galvanic skin response to evaluate CS in combination with the golden standard (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SSQ) as well as an update on the subjective evaluation scores of the SSQ.

scholarly journals Basing Information on Comprehensive, Critically Appraised, and Up-to-Date Syntheses of the Scientific Evidence: An Update from the International Patient Decision Aid Standards

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2199662
Author(s):  
Tammy C. Hoffmann ◽  
Mina Bakhit ◽  
Marie-Anne Durand ◽  
Lilisbeth Perestelo-Pérez ◽  
Catherine Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Aid ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Patient Decision Aid ◽  
Patient Decision Aids ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Patient Decision ◽  
Evidence Quality ◽  
Emerging Issues

Background Patients and clinicians expect the information in patient decision aids to be based on the best available research evidence. The objectives of this International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) review were to 1) check the currency of, and where needed, update evidence for the domain of “basing the information in decision aids on comprehensive, critically appraised, and up-to-date syntheses of the evidence”; 2) analyze the evidence characteristics of decision aids; and 3) propose updates to relevant IPDAS criteria. Methods We searched MEDLINE and PubMed to inform updates of this domain’s definitions, justifications, and components. We also searched 5 sources to identify all publicly available decision aids ( N = 471). Two assessors independently extracted each aid’s evidence characteristics. Results Minor updates to the definitions and theoretical justifications of this IPDAS domain are provided and changes to relevant IPDAS criteria proposed. Nearly all aids (97%) provided a year of creation/update, but most (81%) did not report an explicit update or expiration policy. No scientific references were cited in 33% of aids. Of the 314 that cited at least 1 reference, 39% cited at least 1 guideline, 44% cited at least 1 systematic review, and 23% cited at least 1 randomized trial. In 35%, it was unclear what statement in the aid the citations referred to. Only 14% reported any of the processes used to find and decide on evidence inclusion. Only 14% reported the evidence quality. Many emerging issues and future research areas were identified. Conclusions Although many emerging issues need to be addressed, this IPDAS domain is validated and criteria refined. High-quality patient decision aids should be based on comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses of critically appraised evidence.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

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