scholarly journals Apoptosis Occurs during Early Development of the Bursa of Fabricius in Chicken Embryos

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1982-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Makino ◽  
Runa Omachi ◽  
Hiroka Suzuki ◽  
Koji Tomobe ◽  
Tsuyoshi Kawashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Chicken Embryos

scholarly journals Pathological and Immunological Study of an in ovo Complex Vaccine against Infectious Bursal Disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Kelemen ◽  
Katalin Forgách ◽  
Judit Iván ◽  
V. Palya ◽  
T. Süveges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Bursal Disease

The appearance of very virulent strains of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus at the end of the 1980s made it necessary to develop more effective immunization procedures. To facilitate this, the immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive effect of a mild (G-87), an intermediate (LIBD) and an intermediate-plus (IBDV 2512) IBDV strain were tested after the in ovo inoculation of 18-day-old SPF and broiler chicken embryos. It was established that no noteworthy difference existed between the immunized and the control embryos in hatching rate and hatching weight. The higher the virulence of the vaccine virus strain, the more severe damage it caused to the lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius. In SPF chickens, the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres induced by a Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine administered at day old decreased in inverse ratio to the virulence of the IBD vaccine strain, while in broiler chickens this was not observed. Despite the decrease of the HI titre, the level of protection did not decline, or did so only after the use of the ‘hot’ strain. SPF chickens immunized in ovo with a complex vaccine prepared from strain IBDV 2512 and IBD antibody showed the same protection against Newcastle disease as the broilers. In broiler chicken embryos immunized in ovo, only strain IBDV 2512 induced antibody production, and such chickens were protected against IBD at 3 weeks of age. The complex vaccine administered in ovo has been used successfully at farm hatcheries as well.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Thymocytes for Infection by Chicken Anemia Virus is Related to Pre- and Posthatching Development

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan H. M. Jeurissen ◽  
Marga E. Janse ◽  
Dirk J. van Roozelaar ◽  
Guus Koch ◽  
Gerben F. de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Chicken Anemia Virus ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Anemia Virus ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

To investigate the age-dependent mechanism of susceptibility for chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection, we inoculated embryos and chickens of ages between day 9 of embryonic development and day 28 after hatching with CAV. Chicken embryos inoculated at days 9 and 11 of development showed no CAV-infected cells in the thymus, nor in other lymphoid organs. Many CAV-infected cells were detected in the thymic cortex of all chicken embryos inoculated at days 13 and 16 of development and of all chickens inoculated 1, 3, and 7 days after hatching. All embryos and chickens that contained CAV-infected cells in the thymus also contained CAV-infected cells in the bone marrow, but not in the bursa of Fabricius or the spleen. In chickens inoculated at days 14 and 21, only few CAV-infected cells were detected in the thymus, whereas these cells were not detected in thymi of 28-day-old inoculated chickens. Depletion of the thymic cortex was only detected in chickens inoculated from day 16 of embryonic development till day 21 after hatching. Only hematocrit values of the chickens inoculated 1 and 3 days after hatching were below normal. The rationale for the simultaneous susceptibility of cells of the T-cell lineage and cells of the erythrocyte lineage is discussed. As far as the thymus is concerned, the absence of clinical and microscopical signs of CAV infection in older chickens and the inability of CAV to infect embryos at days 9 and 11 of embryonic development may be caused by a lack of susceptible thymocytes. In view of the three waves of thymic precursor cells that populate the thymus during ontogeny, as described by Le Douarin and colleagues, we hypothesize that CAV only infects thymocytes derived from the second wave of precursor cells.

scholarly journals Histological evaluation of immune organs in chicken embryos inoculated with Marek’s disease virus and lymphokines

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Ortiz ◽  
V. M. Petrone ◽  
G. Téllez ◽  
T. Fehérvári
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of lymphocytes and granulocytes in different stages of embryonic development and on the first posthatching day. The lymphocytes present in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were evaluated by histological analysis of the yolk sac, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, liver and bone marrow of 100 chicken embryos divided into groups and treated with: (I) Marek’s disease vaccine as viral antigen, (II) Marek’s disease vaccine plus lymphokines, (III) lymphokines, and (IV) vaccine diluent. Group V was not treated. Samples were taken on days 14, 17 and 20 of incubation and on the first posthatching day. An increase in the number of epithelial matrix as precursors of lymphoid follicles was observed in the bursa of Fabricius of embryos inoculated with lymphokines compared to embryos in all the other groups (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher amount of granulocytes was found in the yolk sac and liver of embryos inoculated with lymphokines than in the embryos of all other groups (p < 0.05). In the bone marrow, no significant difference was observed among the treated groups concerning the amount of granulocytes. The results suggest that administration of antigens or protein molecules at an early stage of embryonic development increases the presence of granulocytes in the liver and granulopoiesis in the yolk sac, and also increases the number of epithelial matrixs in the bursa of Fabricius.

scholarly journals Wilhelm His Sr. and the development of paraffin embedding

Der Pathologe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim van der Lem ◽  
Merijn de Bakker ◽  
Gerhard Keuck ◽  
Michael K. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Paraffin Wax ◽  
Tumour Tissue ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Paraffin Embedding ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Histopathology

AbstractParaffin histology is one of the most important and commonly-used laboratory techniques in diagnostic histopathology. The discovery of paraffin embedding is often attributed to the pathologist Edwin Klebs. Klebs was following the lead of Stricker, who embedded embryos in a mixture of hot stearin and white beeswax. We show that Klebs experimented with paraffin wax for embedding tumour tissue. But he quickly rejected it as unsuitable because paraffin wax did not infiltrate the tissue. One of Klebs’ correspondents, embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr., learned of Klebs’ experiments and decided to try paraffin embedding. His dehydrated chicken embryos in alcohol, cleared them in lavender oil, and dripped hot paraffin wax onto them. This process allowed His to cut good sections. Here, we have replicated His’s paraffin embedding protocol in order to determine whether His had indeed made the landmark discovery of infiltration embedding with paraffin wax. We followed the protocol that he gives in his 1868 monograph on the early development of the chicken. The protocol described by His failed, in our hands, to yield sections of the quality that he illustrates in his monograph. Typically, the tissue disintegrated when sectioned due to poor infiltration of the wax. Usable sections could only be obtained if His’s protocol was modified by melting the embedded embryos in fresh paraffin wax. One explanation for our findings is that we failed to faithfully replicate His’s protocol. Another is that his protocol was incomplete. We suggest that His is likely to have discovered and perfected infiltration embedding with paraffin wax but did not publish a complete protocol.

scholarly journals Hypothesis of Early Development of Chicken Embryos

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. Azarnova ◽  
I. S. Yartseva ◽  
A. E. Bobilkova
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Chicken Embryos

Mesodermal subdivision along the mediolateral axis in chicken controlled by different concentrations of BMP-4

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (10) ◽  
pp. 1975-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tonegawa ◽  
N. Funayama ◽  
N. Ueno ◽  
Y. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Plate Mesoderm ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Presomitic Mesoderm ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Cos Cells ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Molecular mechanisms by which the mesoderm is subdivided along the mediolateral axis in early chicken embryos have been studied. When the presomitic mesoderm (medial mesoderm) was transplanted into the lateral plate, the graft was transformed into lateral plate tissue, indicating that the primitive somite was not fully committed and that the lateral plate has a cue for mesodermal lateralization. Since the lateral plate expresses a high level of BMP-4 mRNA, a member of the TGF-beta family, we hypothesized that it is the molecule responsible for the lateralization of the somite. To test this, we transplanted COS cells producing BMP-4 into the presomitic region. Those cells locally prevented the presomitic cells from differentiating into somites, converting them instead into lateral plate mesoderm, which was revealed by expression of cytokeratin mRNA, a marker for the lateral plate. The effect was dependent on the level of effective BMP-4: with a high level of BMP-4, the somite was transformed completely to lateral plate; with a low level, the somite formed but was occupied by the lateral somitic component expressing cSim 1, a marker for the lateral somite. These results suggest that different thresholds of effective BMP-4 determine distinct subtypes of the mesoderm as a lateralizer during early development.

scholarly journals Accumulation of c-src mRNA is developmentally regulated in embryonic neural retina.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4109-4111 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Vardimon ◽  
L E Fox ◽  
A A Moscona
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Histone Mrna ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Adult Retina ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Early Increase ◽  
Embryonic Life

Accumulation of c-src mRNA gradually increased during early development of the neural retina in chicken embryos and reached a peak by days 11 to 13 of embryonic life. Thereafter, its amount declined to a low level which persisted also in adult retina. The early increase in c-src mRNA correlated inversely with the decrease in the amount of H3.2 replication histone mRNA and with the decline in the rate of cell growth. The accumulation profile of c-src mRNA corresponded to that of pp60c-src protein, suggesting that the latter is regulated at the level of transcription.

scholarly journals Isolation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Using Indigenous Chicken Embryos in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. U. Mutinda ◽  
L. W. Njagi ◽  
P. N. Nyaga ◽  
L. C. Bebora ◽  
P. G. Mbuthia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Indigenous Chicken ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates were recovered from outbreaks to initiate activities towards developing a local vaccine strain. Use of indigenous chicken embryos was exploited to determine their potential, promote utilization of local resources for research, and enhance household economic activities. Bursa of Fabricius (BFs) samples from outbreaks shown to be IBDV positive was homogenized and inoculated in 4-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) IBDV seronegative white leghorn chicks. The harvested virus was inoculated into 11-day-old indigenous chicken embryos that were IBDV seronegative and passaged serially three times after which they were inoculated into 4-week-old indigenous chicks to test for presence and virulence of propagated virus. Out of 153 BFs collected from outbreaks, 43.8% (67/153) were positive for IBDV antigen and 65.7% (44/67) caused disease in SPF chicks. The embryo mean mortalities were 88% on primary inoculation, 94% in 1st passage, 91% in 2nd passage, and 67% in 3rd passage. After the third passage in embryos all the 44 isolates were virulent in 4-week-old indigenous chicks. The results show that indigenous chicken embryos support growth of IBDV and can be used to propagate the virus as an alternative viral propagating tool for respective vaccine preparation.

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