Matching with Contracts: Comment

It is impossible to draw a distinct line between force majeure and change of circumstances, because the two overlap. In order to regulate both force majeure and change of circumstances, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has adopted a unified model in article 79, whereas Chinese law adopts a dual model by treating them as different things and regulating them in different articles. Where the purpose of a contract becomes impossible to achieve because of a force majeure and both the CISG and Chinese Contract Law (the CCL) adopt the same model of termination of the contract, the contract should be terminated by one party with a notice to the other party instead of ipso facto avoidance. In a case of a change of circumstances, in order to terminate the contract, both the CISG and the CCL actually follow the path of raising an action by a notice of avoidance or termination to theother party. Both approaches have their merits and demerits but the differences between them in practice are not as large as presumed. Where force majeure and change of circumstances overlap each other, possible ways for termination of the contract are for a party either to choose their preferred solution or to follow the lex specialis derogat generali. The latter way is preferred in this article; and while in an action for termination the judge may balance the interests of both parties in making a final decision, the uniform application of the law, the safety of the transaction and the fairness of the judgment may be ensured in so doing.

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The Influence of Guttural Consonants /χ/, /ħ/, and /h/ on Vowel /a/ in Saudi Arabic

International Journal of English Linguistics ◽

10.5539/ijel.v10n1p115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Haroon N. Alsager

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Acoustic Analysis ◽

Unified Model ◽

The Other ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Formant Frequency ◽

Natural Class ◽

Arabic Speakers ◽

Second Formant ◽

Saudi Arabic

This paper presents a comparative study which investigates the influence of Saudi Arabic guttural consonants /χ/, /ħ/ and /h/ on the vowel /a/ when they are adjacent and in the same syllable. Cohn (2007, 2009), Flemming (2001), and Keating (1996) discuss a unified model in which phonology and phonetics are treated as two distinct elements of one domain where each element has an effect on the other to some degree. McCarthy (1991, 1994), Rose (1996), Zawaydeh (1999, 2004), and BinMuqbil (2006) presented phonological studies on gutturals, as well as discussions on gutturals as a natural class, which uphold the phonological aspect of Cohn’s (2009) unified model. The aim of this study is to address the phonetic aspect of Cohn’s (2009) unified model by analyzing the phonetic effects of guttural-vowel coarticulation. An acoustic analysis method was used as a framework for this investigation to extract first formant frequency (F1) and second formant frequency (F2) to measure the influence in the coarticulation. For the purpose of this study, seven native Saudi Arabic speakers were recorded pronouncing 70 Saudi Arabic words. The results showed that guttural consonants have an influence on the vowel /a/ by lowering and backing it when they are adjacent and in the same syllable, while the vowel /a/ in the nonguttural consonants is raising and fronting their adjacent vowel /a/ in the same syllable in comparison with the vowel /a/ in the guttural environment.

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Pengembangan Aplikasi Monitoring Inventaris Barang Pada Universitas Ibnu Sina Batam Berbasis Web

J-Com (Journal of Computer) ◽

10.33330/j-com.v2i1.1210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114

Author(s):

Agum Permana ◽

Nanda Jarti ◽

Agus Suryadi

Keyword(s):

Unified Model ◽

Inventory System ◽

The Other ◽

Development Model ◽

Direct Access ◽

Qr Code ◽

Ibn Sina ◽

Existing Problems ◽

User Friendly ◽

Facility Staff

Abstract: A The inventory system at Ibnu Sina University in the facilities and infrastructure section of the old system still has several shortcomings, therefore the authors are interested in developing from the old system so as to produce an updated and user friendly system which has more advantages including barcode features, control features goods, then the chairman has direct access that previously did not have the old system. The development of this inventory system, the author uses a prototype method with a development model using the Unified Model Language (UML). The purpose of this research will be to facilitate facility staff in finding information on goods by means of barcode scanners on QR labels that have been affixed to goods, making it easier to find out the condition of goods that are carried out regularly with the goods control feature, having three actors in using the inventory system which the main actor has full access and the other two actors have limited access in using the system. With the hope that the facilities section will make it easier to control all assets or inventory of goods at Ibn Sina University. So that it can be a solution to existing problems. Keywords: Goods Inventory, Prototype, QR Code. Abstrak: Sistem inventarisasi pada Universitas Ibnu Sina pada bagian sarana dan prasarana pada sistem yang lama masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan oleh karena itu penulis tertarik mengembangkan dari sistem yang lama sehingga menghasilkan sistem yang ter-update dan user friendly yang mana lebih memiliki kelebihan diantaranya fitur barcode, fitur kontrol barang, kemudian ketua memiliki akses secara langsung yang sebelumnya tidak dimiliki sistem lama. Pengembangan pada sistem inventaris barang ini penulis menggunakan metode prototype dengan model pengembangan menggunakan Unified Model Language (UML). Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini nantinya dapat mempermudah staff sarana dalam pencarian informasi barang dengan cara scanner barcode pada label QR yang sudah ditempel pada barang, mempermudah mengetahui kondisi barang yang dilakukan secara berkala dengan adanya fitur kontrol barang, mempunyai tiga aktor dalam penggunaan sistem inventaris yang mana aktor utama memiliki akses secara penuh dan dua aktor lainnya memiliki akses terbatas dalam penggunaan sistem. Dengan harapan agar bagian sarana lebih mudah dalam pengkontrolan semua asset ataupun inventaris barang yang ada pada Universitas Ibnu Sina. Sehingga dapat menjadi solusi dalam permasalahan yang ada. Kata kunci: Inventaris Barang, Prototype, QR Code.

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Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. The Principle of Complementarity.docx

10.31124/advance.9943040 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maxim Chistyakov

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Unified Model ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Niels Bohr ◽

Psychotherapeutic Process ◽

Internal Logic ◽

The Relationship ◽

Principle Of Complementarity

This report considers the differences between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic (in particular, the psychodynamic) approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders, and it describes a generalized model of the psychotherapeutic process. It traces the development of the relationship between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, which has resulted in different models of the interrelatedness of these paradigms in different countries (a unified model encompassing both the psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, and a model of two relatively independent approaches). Examples are provided of the difficulties and inconsistencies which have arisen from attempts to employ different variants of the unified model that purports to unify the two different approaches into a single whole. It is proposed that the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches should each be considered to have their own internal logic, independent from and simultaneously complementary to that of the other, in accordance with the principle of complementarity formulated by the physicist Niels Bohr in quantum mechanics for the systematization of irreconcilable data obtained by observers with differing perspectives. The author proposes that each patient with a mental disorder should be examined simultaneously and independently from the point of view of each of these systems of coordinates (the medical psychiatric paradigm and the psychotherapeutic paradigm).

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As formas de tratamento na abordagem multissistémica: um novo modelo teórico de análise

Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia ◽

10.24193/subbphilo.2021.4.05 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 81-94

Author(s):

Veronica Manole ◽

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Brazilian Portuguese ◽

Unified Model ◽

The Other ◽

Address Forms ◽

European Portuguese ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One

Address Forms in a Multisystemic Approach: A New Theoretical Model of Analysis. The aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model for the analysis of address forms. In the first part of the paper, I do a critical evaluation of existing theoretical models, showing, on the one hand, that the divergent approaches reflect the complexity of address research, and, on the other hand, that there is a need for a unified model to englobe morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic, discursive, and diachronic approaches. In the second part of the paper, I present the multisystemic theory developed by the Brazilian linguist Ataliba de Castilho and demonstrate that it can be successfully used for the analysis of address forms. In the last part of the paper, I show that lexicalization, semanticization, discursivization, and grammaticalization (linguistic processes identified by Ataliba de Castilho in his theory) can explain linguistic phenomena of the address systems in Portuguese and Romanian. Keywords: address forms, European Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, Romanian, multisystemic theory, multisystemic theory of Ataliba de Castilho

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Stable Governments and the Allocation of Policy Portfolios

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1962771 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 891-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

David Austen-Smith ◽

Jeffrey Banks

Keyword(s):

Government Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Portfolio Allocation ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Allocation Model ◽

Coalition Governments ◽

The Core ◽

Stable Allocation ◽

Usual Concept ◽

Stable Allocations

Different members of coalition governments typically have responsibility for different aspects, or dimensions, of policy. Such responsibilities are allocated as portfolios to government members. Given a distribution of such portfolios, final government policy is derived as the accumulation of individual members' decisions in regard to their respective responsibilities. We develop a portfolio allocation model of government formation and policy decision in multiparty legislatures. In particular, we focus on stable portfolio allocations, where a stable allocation is one that yields a policy that no legislative coalition is willing or able to overturn. Several notions of stability are considered and related to the usual concept of the core. Among the results are that although stable allocations are not guaranteed, such allocations can exist with minority governments; and that final policy outcomes associated with stable governments need not be “centrist.“

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Graphical One-Sided Markets

Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ◽

10.24963/ijcai.2019/70 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sagar Massand ◽

Sunil Simon

Keyword(s):

Solution Concept ◽

Weighted Graph ◽

Rational Agents ◽

Indivisible Objects ◽

Stable Allocation ◽

Np Complete ◽

Neighbourhood Graph ◽

Stable Allocations ◽

Rational Players

We study the problem of allocating indivisible objects to a set of rational agents where each agent's final utility depends on the intrinsic valuation of the allocated item as well as the allocation within the agent's local neighbourhood. We specify agents' local neighbourhood in terms of a weighted graph. This extends the model of one-sided markets to incorporate neighbourhood externalities. We consider the solution concept of stability and show that, unlike in the case of one-sided markets, stable allocations may not always exist. When the underlying local neighbourhood graph is symmetric, a 2-stable allocation is guaranteed to exist and any decentralised mechanism where pairs of rational players agree to exchange objects terminates in such an allocation. We show that computing a 2-stable allocation is PLS-complete and further identify subclasses which are tractable. In the case of asymmetric neighbourhood structures, we show that it is NP-complete to check if a 2-stable allocation exists. We then identify structural restrictions where stable allocations always exist and can be computed efficiently. Finally, we study the notion of envy-freeness in this framework.

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Sustainable Development Mechanism of Avoiding Group Conflict and Symbiosis: A Study on Labor Disputes

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2019/9670135 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Jing Dong ◽

Huizhang Shen ◽

Jidi Zhao

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Unified Model ◽

Resource Control ◽

The Other ◽

Group Conflict ◽

Strategy Space ◽

Dynamic Relationship ◽

Long Run ◽

History Of ◽

Two Sides

Group conflict is one of the main human conflicts in the history of human development and results in various forms such as competition, fight, riot, or war in extreme cases and compromise, negotiation, or cooperation in other cases. The inner essence of the group conflict is competitors vying for resource control. If the conflict ends up at a situation where one party overwhelms the other, it will actually bring destructive results to both sides. Is there a solution to avoid fierce conflicts and to achieve a win-win situation? Is there a unified model by which different forms of conflicts can be interpreted and studied? The purpose of this paper was to address these problems and attempt to establish such a unified model and to use it to analyze the dynamic relationship between the employees and their employers in the viewpoint of group conflict and symbiosis. By changing coefficients of the unified model, the two sides, employers and employees, could be in different situations such as employer win, employee win, lose-lose, and win-win. Keeping other coefficients unchanged, we found and proved that there is a win-win strategy space of the payoff rate. Two parties chose strategy within the space can achieve optimal status in long run.

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Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. The Principle of Complementarity.docx

10.31124/advance.9943040.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maxim Chistyakov

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Unified Model ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Niels Bohr ◽

Psychotherapeutic Process ◽

Internal Logic ◽

The Relationship ◽

Principle Of Complementarity

This report considers the differences between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic (in particular, the psychodynamic) approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders, and it describes a generalized model of the psychotherapeutic process. It traces the development of the relationship between the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, which has resulted in different models of the interrelatedness of these paradigms in different countries (a unified model encompassing both the psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches, and a model of two relatively independent approaches). Examples are provided of the difficulties and inconsistencies which have arisen from attempts to employ different variants of the unified model that purports to unify the two different approaches into a single whole. It is proposed that the medical psychiatric and the psychotherapeutic approaches should each be considered to have their own internal logic, independent from and simultaneously complementary to that of the other, in accordance with the principle of complementarity formulated by the physicist Niels Bohr in quantum mechanics for the systematization of irreconcilable data obtained by observers with differing perspectives. The author proposes that each patient with a mental disorder should be examined simultaneously and independently from the point of view of each of these systems of coordinates (the medical psychiatric paradigm and the psychotherapeutic paradigm).

Download Full-text