scholarly journals Reported condom use and condom use difficulties in street outreach samples of men of four racial and ethnic backgrounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
E James Essien ◽  
Michael W Ross ◽  
Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer ◽  
Mark L Williams
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The epidemiology of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States has focused research attention on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered communities as well as on racial and ethnic minorities. Much of that attention has, however, been focused on specific racial and ethnic groups, and specific sexual minorities. We report on the results of a study that examined the association between condom use and partnership types among men from four major racial/ethnic groups. Self-reported data on sexual identity (homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual) and condom use in the past three months were collected from 806 African Americans, Hispanic, Asian, and white men intercepted in public places in Houston, TX. Data indicated that condom use was lowest in African Americans and Hispanic men, bisexual men reported the highest levels of use, with heterosexual men reporting the lowest use. African Americans and Hispanic men reported generally that it was very difficult to use a condom during sexual contact, although the patterns for self-identified homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual men varied across race/ethnicity. Homosexual African American men reported the least difficulty, and white homosexual men the most difficulty compared with heterosexual and bisexual peers. For homosexually identified men, there were considerable differences across race/ethnicity in the proportion of partners who never or rarely disagreed to use condoms, with Asians disagreeing least, and African Americans most. Within racial/ethnic groups, the levels of condom use and difficulty were similar for male and female partners, suggesting that it is sexual identity, rather than partner gender, that has impacted condom-use messages. These data suggest that racial/ethnic targeting of condom use is likely to be most efficacious in increasing condom use in men.

Impact of Ethnicity On Incidence and Survival Among Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the United States; Insights From 2005 SEER Data.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 3069-3069
Author(s):  
Casey L O'Connell ◽  
Pedram Razavi ◽  
Roberta McKean-Cowdin ◽  
Malcolm C. Pike
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Abstract 3069 Poster Board III-6 Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignancy whose incidence declines through adolescence and then increases steadily with age. Prognosis appears to be inversely related to age among adults. We sought to explore the impact of race/ethnicity on incidence and survival among adults with ALL in the United States (US). Methods We examined trends in incidence and survival among adults with ALL in the US using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program which includes data from 17 SEER registries. We calculated the incidence rates for the most recent time period (2001-2005) because the classification for ALL subtypes was more complete during this time. For the survival analysis we used the data collected between 1975 and 2005. We categorized race/ethnicity into 5 mutually exclusive categories: non-Hispanic whites (NHW), Hispanic whites (HW), African Americans (AA), Asian/Pacific Islanders (API) and American Indians/Native Alaskans (AI/NA). Hispanic ethnicity was defined using SEER's Hispanic-origin variable which is based on the NAACCR Hispanic Identification Algorithm (NHIA); 11 patients dually coded as black and Hispanic were included in the AA group for our analyses. Few ALL cases were identified among AI/NA, so that group is not represented in the final analyses. We included ALL cases coded in the SEER registry using the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (ICD-0-3) as 9827-9829 and 9835-9837. We excluded cases of Burkitt's leukemia (n=228), cases that were not confirmed by microscopic or cytologic tests (n=132), cases that were reported only based on autopsy data (n=3) and cases whose race/ethnicity were unknown (n=20). The average annual incidence rates per 100,000 for 2001-2005, age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population were calculated using SEER*Stat Version 6.4.4 statistical software. We used multivariate Cox hazard models stratified by SEER registry and age category to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for relative survival of adult ALL cases across race/ethnicity, sex and cell of origin (B- or T-cell). All models were adjusted for the diagnosis era, and use of non-CNS radiation. The model also included an interaction term for age and diagnosis era. We performed a separate stratified analysis of the impact of race/ethnicity on survival within age subgroups (20-29, 30-39, 40-59, 60-69, 70+). Results The highest incidence rate (IR) of ALL was observed for HW (IR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.43-1.79). HW had a significantly higher IR across all age categories as compared to the other racial/ethnic groups, while AA had the lowest IR. In particular, the observed rate of B-cell ALL among HW (IR 0.77; 95% CI 0.69-0.87) was more than twice that of NHW (IR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.27-0.32) and more than three times the rate observed among AA (IR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.15-0.26). In contrast, we did not observe statistically significant variability in the rates of T-cell ALL across race/ethnic groups (overall IR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.11-0.14). Survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.46), HW (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09-1.46), and API (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06-1.32) compared to NHW with all subtypes of ALL. Among adults younger than 40 with B-cell ALL, survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.60; 95% CI:1.021-2.429) and HW (HR: 1.53; 95% CI:1.204-1.943) with a non-signficant trend among API (HR: 1.22; 95% 0.834-1.755) compared to NHW. Survival differences between the different racial/ethnic groups were no longer statistically significant among adults with B-cell ALL over the age of 40. For T-cell ALL, survival was significantly poorer among AA (HR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.22-2.10), HW (HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.14-1.93) and API (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.13-2.13), as compared to NHW. A similar survival pattern by age (adults above and below age 40 years) was observed for T-cell as described for B-cell, with AA under 40 having a particularly dismal prognosis (HR: 2.89; 95% CI 1.96-4.17) compared to NHW. Conclusions The incidence rate of B-cell ALL among adults in the US is higher among HW than other ethnic groups. Survival is significantly poorer among AA and HW than among NHW under the age of 40 with B-cell ALL. Survival is also significantly poorer among AA, HW and API than among NHW with T-cell ALL in adults under 40. Survival trends appear to converge after the age of 40 among all racial/ethnic groups. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Mental Illness: Examining Intergroup Relations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Sara Aringer ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

People with mental illness are often stereotyped as dangerous, unstable, or unreliable, and these stereotypes perpetuate prejudice against those who are already vulnerable. However, many of these stereotypes are Eurocentric due to a lack of diversity within psychology. The present, preregistered research investigates whether depictions of mental illness are idiosyncratic to various racial/ethnic groups, or if these perceptions generalize across groups. Participants reported their endorsement of a series of mental illness descriptions (e.g., “This person spontaneously explodes in outbursts of anger”) as they apply to African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic/Latinxs, Caucasians, as well as to individuals with unspecified race/ethnicity. Exploratory factor analyses of these descriptions revealed three factors that describe mentally ill people -- ashamed, self-destructive, irresponsible -- and participants’ perceptions of mental illness on these three factors varied by racial/ethnic groups. Participants rated Asian Americans as more ashamed, but less self-destructive and irresponsible than other racial/ethnic groups. Conversely, participants rated Caucasians as less ashamed, but more self-destructive and irresponsible than other racial/ethnic groups. Perceptions of mental illness did not differ between Hispanic/Latinxs and African Americans. Additional analyses indicate that, compared to Caucasian participants, non-Caucasian participants rated mentally ill members of their ingroup as more ashamed but less self-destructive and irresponsible. This research indicates that participants from different racial/ethnic groups vary in the extent to which they ascribe different facets of mental illness to their ingroup versus outgroups. Implications for Eurocentric versus more diverse perceptions of mental illness are discussed.

scholarly journals Trends in Cigar Use in the United States, 2002–2016: Diverging Trends by Race/Ethnicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea H Weinberger ◽  
Cristine D Delnevo ◽  
Jiaqi Zhu ◽  
Misato Gbedemah ◽  
Joun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction Although there are racial/ethnic differences in cigarette use, little is known about how non-cigarette tobacco use differs among racial/ethnic groups. This study investigated trends in cigar use from 2002 to 2016, by racial/ethnic group, in nationally representative US data. Methods Data were drawn from the 2002–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use data files (total analytic sample n = 630 547 including 54 060 past-month cigar users). Linear time trends of past-month cigar use were examined by racial/ethnic group (Non-Hispanic [NH] White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity) using logistic regression models. Results In 2016, the prevalence of past-month cigar use was significantly higher among NH Black respondents than among other racial/ethnic groups (ps < .001). Cigar use was also higher among NH White respondents than among Hispanic and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents. The year by racial/ethnic group interaction was significant (p < .001). Past-month cigar use decreased significantly from 2002 to 2016 among NH White and Hispanic respondents (ps = .001), whereas no change in prevalence was observed among NH Black (p = .779) and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents (p = .152). Cigar use decreased for NH White men (p < .001) and did not change for NH White women (p = .884). Conversely, cigar use increased for NH Black women (p < .001) and did not change for NH Black men (p = .546). Conclusions Cigar use remains significantly more common among NH Black individuals in the United States and is not declining among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity individuals over time, in contrast to declines among NH White and Hispanic individuals. Implications This study identified racial/ethnic differences in trends in past-month cigar use over 15 years among annual cross-sectional samples of US individuals. The highest prevalence of cigar use in 2016 was found among NH Black individuals. In addition, cigar use prevalence did not decline from 2002 to 2016 among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity groups over time, in contrast to NH White and Hispanic groups. Further, cigar use increased over time for NH Black women. Targeted public health and clinical efforts may be needed to decrease the prevalence of cigar use, especially for NH Black individuals.

scholarly journals Trends in Nutrition and Exercise Counseling among Adolescents in the Health Care Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tasha Peart ◽  
Patricia B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nutrition Counseling ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Exercise Counseling ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Purpose. Obesity is a serious health threat, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities and those who are uninsured, yet little is known about the implementation of nutrition or exercise counseling or the combination of both among these groups. Trends in counseling by race/ethnicity and types of insurance were examined.Methods. Trend analyses were conducted with the California Health Interview Surveys among those ages 12–17 for the period 2003–2009.Results.Race/Ethnicity: Receipt of both counseling methods declined from 2003–2009 for all racial/ethnic groups, except Hispanics and Whites, for whom increases in counseling began after 2007. Hispanics and African Americans generally reported higher levels of nutrition than exercise counseling, while Whites generally reported higher levels of exercise than nutrition counseling for the study period.Insurance Type: Receipt of both counseling methods appeared to decline from 2003–2009 among all insurance types, although after 2007, a slight increase was observed for the low-cost/free insurance group. Those with private health insurance generally received more exercise counseling than nutrition counseling over the study period.Conclusions. Counseling among all racial/ethnic groups and insurance types is warranted, but particularly needed for African Americans, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and the uninsured as they are at highest risk for developing obesity. Institutional and policy changes in the health care environment will be beneficial in helping to promote obesity-related counseling.

Trends in Mortality From Parkinson Disease in the United States, 1999–2019

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012826
Author(s):  
Shuang Rong ◽  
Guifeng Xu ◽  
Buyun Liu ◽  
Yangbo Sun ◽  
Linda G Snetselaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background and Objectives:The mortality from Parkinson's disease (PD) and its long-term trends in the United States remains unknow. This study aimed to describe the trends in PD mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2019.Methods:We used data from the National Vital Statistics System, a nationwide, population-based, death registry, to determine national trends in PD mortality, in overall and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural classification and geographic location. Analyses focused on the data from 479,059 deaths due to PD from 1999 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was performed to examine temporal trends in age-standardized death rates.Results:The age-adjusted mortality from PD increased from 5.4 (95% CI, 5.3-5.5) per 100,000 population in 1999 to 8.8 (95% CI, 8.7-8.9) per 100,000 population in 2019, with an average annual percent change of 2.4% (95% CI, 1.8%-3.0%). From 1999 to 2019, PD mortality increased significantly across all age groups, both sexes, various racial/ethnic groups and different urban-rural classifications. The US states and District of Columbia with reported death rates experienced an increase in PD mortality. Significant differences by sex and race/ethnicity were noted. Age-adjusted PD mortality rates were twice as high in men as in women, and were greater in Whites than other racial/ethnic groups.Discussion:From 1999 to 2019, the mortality from PD in the United States has increased significantly. The increase was regardless of age, sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural classification and geographic location. A comprehensive evaluation of long-term trends in PD mortality is important for health care priority setting.

Considerations for Addressing the Needs of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Speech-Language Pathology Praxis Test Takers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Angela M. Medina ◽  
Alliete R. Alfano ◽  
Stefanie Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Test Taker ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Purpose The primary purpose of this article is to explore the speech-language pathology (SLP) Praxis test, a barrier to culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) individuals entering the profession, by investigating first-time pass rates and mean scores by test taker race/ethnicity. Other potential barriers to licensure and certification, as well as solutions for mitigating these barriers, will also be addressed. Method SLP Praxis test data from two windows of time, 2008–2011 and 2014–2020, were compared for the following: (a) proportions of test taker race/ethnicity relative to U.S. demographic estimates of racial/ethnic group proportions overall, (b) proportions of racial/ethnic groups, and (c) trends in test-taker mean scores by race/ethnicity. First-attempt pass rates by racial/ethnic groups were also calculated for the 2014–2020 testing window. Results The percentage of some CLD SLP Praxis test-taker groups increased since the 2008–2011 testing window but is still not representative of U.S. racial/ethnic demographics. The first-attempt pass rates and overall mean scores of CLD test-taker groups remained substantially lower than White non–Hispanic/Latinx test takers. Conclusions Despite the encouraging trends in SLP Praxis test-taker racial/ethnic diversity, disparities persist between the racial/ethnic makeup of SLP Praxis test takers and the demographic makeup of the United States. Consequently, these disparities have implications for the continued lack of cultural representativeness seen in our workforce.

scholarly journals Differences in Diet Quality among Multiple US Racial/Ethnic Groups from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1509-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A Rodriguez ◽  
Yichen Jin ◽  
Sameera A Talegawkar ◽  
Marcia C de Oliveira Otto ◽  
Namratha R Kandula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACT Background Diet quality is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the diet quality of South Asians in the United States, a group with higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Objective This study determined whether diet quality differs between South Asian adults in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and whites, Chinese Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods Cross-sectional data from 3926 participants free of CVD from MESA visit 5 (2010–2011) and 889 South Asian participants from MASALA visit 1 (2010–2013) were pooled. Diet quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) derived using FFQs. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake were used to compare mean differences in diet quality between the racial/ethnic groups. Results MESA participants were, on average, 14 y older than MASALA participants. The adjusted mean (95% CI) scores for the AHEI-2010 were 70.2 (69.5, 70.9) among South Asians, 66.2 (66.3, 68.2) among Chinese Americans, 61.1 (60.7, 61.6) among whites, 59.0 (58.4, 59.7) among Hispanics, and 57.5 (56.9, 58.1) among African Americans. The mean AHEI scores among South Asians were 3.1 (1.8, 4.3), 9.2 (8.3, 10.1), 11.2 (10.2, 12.3), and 12.8 (11.8, 13.7) points higher compared with Chinese Americans, whites, Hispanics, and African Americans, respectively. Conclusions South Asian adults in the United States have a higher diet quality compared with other racial/ethnic groups. This paradoxical finding is not consistent with the observed higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other groups. This is further evidence of the importance of studying the South Asian population to better understand the causes of chronic disease not explained by diet quality.

Race/Ethnicity, Smoking Status, and Self-Generated Expected Outcomes from Smoking among Adolescents

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Irvin Vidrine ◽  
Cheryl B. Anderson ◽  
Kathryn I. Poliak ◽  
David W. Wetter
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Expected Outcomes

Racial/ethnic differences in adolescent smoking suggest that different factors may motivate smoking among various racial/ethnic groups. This study examined relations among race/ethnicity, self-generated smoking outcome expectancies, and smoking status. Our findings noted that current smoking was highest among Hispanics, whereas African Americans and Asians were least likely to ever smoke. African Americans were most likely to experiment but least likely to smoke currently. Five expectancies differed significantly by race/ethnicity: reduce tension, image, negative aesthetics, addiction, and cost. However, none were significant mediators or moderators. Racial/ethnic groups most susceptible to smoking initiation and with the highest rates of current smoking should be targeted for prevention and cessation. Research is needed to examine more thoroughly racial/ethnic differences in expectancies.

The Impacts of Residential Segregation on Obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 834-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Yuan Yu ◽  
Ayoung Woo ◽  
Christopher Hawkins ◽  
Sara Iman
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Contextual Influence ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: This study examined the association between residential segregation and obesity for Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. This study considered 3 dimensions of residential segregation, isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration. Methods: By combining individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and county-level data from the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the total sample size was 204,610 respondents (160,213 Whites, 21,865 African Americans, 18,027 Hispanics, and 4505 Asians) from 205 counties in the United States. Two-level logistic regression models were performed. Results: African Americans and Hispanics in counties with high levels of isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration were more likely to be obese; these relationships did not hold true for Whites and Asians. Counties with a higher percentage of populations with the income below the poverty line and a higher percentage of fast food restaurants in the county were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity for all racial/ethnic groups. African Americans and Hispanics with low levels of education and income were more likely to be obese. Conclusions: Residential segregation had a contextual influence on weight status, and the context of counties influenced racial/ethnic groups differently. Obesity reduction programs should consider the contextual influence on minority populations and target subgroups living in highly segregated areas.

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