Electroencephalogram-based anaesthetic depth monitoring in laboratory animals

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aura Silva ◽  
Luis Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Depth Of Anaesthesia ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hypnotic Drugs ◽  
The Brain

Objective measurements of physiological parameters controlled by the autonomic nervous system such as blood pressure, heart rate and respiration are easily obtained nowadays during anaesthesia by the use of monitors: oscillometers, pulseoximeters, electrocardiograms and capnographs are available for laboratory animals. However, the effect-site of hypnotic drugs that cause general anaesthesia is the central nervous system (the brain). In the present, the adjustment of hypnotic drugs in veterinary anaesthesia is performed according to subjective evaluation of clinical signs which are not direct reflexes of anaesthetic effects on the brain, making depth of anaesthesia (DoA) assessment a complicated task. The difficulties in assessing the real anaesthetic state of a laboratory animal may not only result in welfare-threatening situations, such as awareness and pain sensation during surgery, but also in a lack of standardization of experimental conditions, as it is not easy to keep all animals from an experiment in the same DoA without a measure of anaesthetic effect. A direct measure of this dose–effect relationship, although highly necessary, is still missing in the veterinary market. Meanwhile, research has been intense in this subject and methods based on the brain electrical activity (electroencephalogram) have been explored in laboratory animal species. The objective of this review is to explain the achievements made in this topic and clarify how far we are from an objective measure of DoA for animals.

Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

scholarly journals The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvio Celso Goncalves da Costa ◽  
Samuel B. Pessoa ◽  
Neize de Moura Pereira ◽  
Tania Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Life History ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Laboratory

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

Seminal Vesiculitis in Three Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ardiaca ◽  
Cristina Bonvehi ◽  
Marina Cuesta ◽  
Alicia Gomez ◽  
Andres Montesinos
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

ABSTRACT To date, descriptions of pathologic conditions of the seminal vesicle in rabbits are scarce and limited to the laboratory animals in experimental conditions. The present article describes three cases of strangury, abdominal pain, and anorexia associated with seminal vesiculitis in pet rabbits. Three non-neutered male pet rabbits aged 3.6, 1.5, and 2.1 yrs were presented with strangury, abdominal pain, and anorexia. Seminal vesiculitis was diagnosed based on clinical signs and ultrasonography findings. Vesiculectomy was performed in two cases that presented strangury refractory to medical treatment, and diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. In the third case, the patient received medical treatment, and a sequela in the form of lithiasis of the seminal vesicle was detected 3 yrs later. Plain radiographs were nearly unremarkable, and results from complete blood analysis and urinalysis were not specific in all three cases. Contrast radiography was performed in one case, showing a dilated seminal vesicle. Ultrasound and surgical biopsy seem to be the most sensitive techniques in the diagnosis of this pathology. Seminal vesiculitis must be included in the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic strangury in male pet rabbits.

scholarly journals Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela de Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Teruya Oshiro ◽  
Rebeca Vieira Pinto ◽  
Bruna Corrêa de Castro ◽  
Karla Borges Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
The Brain

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.

Neurosarcoidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
G. R. Ramazanov ◽  
E. V. Shevchenko ◽  
L. I. Idilova ◽  
V. N. Stepanov ◽  
E. V. Nugaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Histological Confirmation ◽  
System Disorder ◽  
The Brain

The article represents the discussion of sarcoidosis involving the cranial nerves and meninges. It’s a rare disease difficult to diagnose. This form of the disease is a progressive lesion of the nervous system, characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the membranes and /or tissue of cerebrum or spinal cord, cranial and /or peripheral nerves. Clinical signs of the nervous system disorder found in sarcoidosis, are detected only in 5–15% of patients. They are often represented by symptoms of cranial nerve damage, meningeal syndrome and epileptic seizures. X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain do not reveal specific changes, however, they allow to exclude other structural lesions of the central nervous system and to identify neuroimaging signs, most common in the course of this disease. Diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is possible in the presence of neurological symptoms, signs of multisystem lesions, and histological confirmation of non-caseous granulomatous inflammation in one or more organs. The article also represents a clinical observation of a patient with neurosarcoidosis, manifested by acute bilateral neuropathy of the facial nerves, unilateral neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve and meningism syndrome. The neuroimaging signs, often found in this disease, were revealed: the accumulation of contrast agent by the membranes of the brain and the tissue of cavum Meckeli. The course of the disease and diagnostic search, which made it possible to detect signs of multisystem lesion, are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the biopsy material of the intrathoracic lymph node. The results of neurosarcoidosis anti-inflammatory therapy are presented. The peculiarities influencing the choice of this type of treatment terms, are indicated.

scholarly journals Naphthoquine-induced Central Nervous System and Hepatic Vasculocentric Toxicity in the Beagle Dog

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Rene Galarneau ◽  
Emily K. Meseck ◽  
Robert L. Hall ◽  
Wenkui Li ◽  
Margaret L. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Plasma Exposure ◽  
Toxicology Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microscopic Findings

Naphthoquine phosphate (NP) was considered as a partner drug with a promising antimalarial drug candidate. Here we report unexpected adverse clinical signs and microscopic findings in a canine pilot toxicology study with NP. Male and female dogs were dosed daily by oral gavage with NP at 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day for a maximum of 14 days. NP was not tolerated at ≥10 mg/kg/day; several animals were sacrificed in moribund condition and marked neurological clinical signs were noted at 50 mg/kg/day. The main microscopic observation was central nervous system vasculocentric inflammation (mainly lymphocytes and macrophages) in the white and gray matter of various regions of the brain at ≥2 mg/kg/day and at lower incidence in the spinal cord at ≥10 mg/kg/day. Vasculocentric microscopic changes predominantly centered on the centrilobular vein were also observed in the liver at ≥2 mg/kg/day. Females were more sensitive than males with comparable NP plasma exposure. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the administration of NP to dogs via daily oral gavage for up to 2 weeks was not tolerated causing moribundity, marked neurological clinical signs, and vasculocentric microscopic changes in the central nervous system and the liver.

scholarly journals Selective acceptance of MHC class I-deficient tumor grafts in the brain.

1988 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
H G Ljunggren ◽  
T Yamasaki ◽  
P Collins ◽  
G Klein ◽  
K Kärre
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Class I ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

H-2-deficient (H-2-) tumor variants were accepted equally well compared with H-2+ wild-type cells in the brain of syngeneic mice, while the H-2- cells were selectively eliminated when inoculated extracranially. This indicates a specific absence or suppression of the defense against MHC class I-deficient cells in the brain, suggested to be mediated by NK cells. In contrast, T cell-mediated immune reactions could clearly be detected in the brain under the same experimental conditions. This was shown in control experiments where H-2+ tumor cells were rejected from the brain of preimmunized or allogeneic mice. The present findings may be important for the understanding of neurotropic virus infections, immunology and immunotherapy of brain tumors, as well as for the growing interest in tissue grafting within the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Brain neuroimaging of domestic cats: correlation between computed tomography and cross- sectional anatomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1105-1111
Author(s):  
A.C. Nepomuceno ◽  
R. Zanatta ◽  
D.G. Chung ◽  
P.F. Costa ◽  
M.A.R. Feliciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Computed tomography of the brain is necessary as part of the diagnosis of lesions of the central nervous system. In this study we used six domestic cats, male or female, aged between one and five years, evaluated by Computed Tomography (CT) examination without clinical signs of central nervous system disorders. Two euthanized animals stating a condition unrelated to the nervous system were incorporated into this study. The proposal consisted in establishing detailed anatomical description of tomographic images of normal brain of cats, using as reference anatomical images of cross sections of the stained brain and cranial part, with thicknesses similar to the planes of the CT images. CT examinations were performed with and without intravenous iodinated contrast media for live animals. With one euthanized animal, the brain was removed and immediately preserved in 10% formalin for later achievement in cross-sectional thickness of approximately 4mm and staining technique of Barnard, and Robert Brown. The head of another animal was disarticulated in the Atlanto-occipital region and frozen at -20ºC then sliced to a thickness of about 5mm. The description of visualized anatomical structures using tomography is useful as a guide and allows transcribing with relative accuracy the brain region affected by an injury, and thus correlating it with the clinical symptoms of the patient, providing additional information and consequent improvement to veterinarians during the course of surgical clinic in this species.

scholarly journals Cerebral Vascular Hamartoma In a Campeiro Bulldog

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Magalhães Barros ◽  
Gustavo Andrade Gulgemin ◽  
Lucas Silva Barreto ◽  
Ana Maria De Souza Almeida ◽  
Tais Meziara Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vascular Origin ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vascular Hamartoma ◽  
Cerebral Vascular

Background: Vascular hamartomas (VH) are rare or simply underdiagnosed injuries in veterinary medicine and represent a non-neoplastic developmental anomaly disorganization and proliferation of endothelial tissue. VH occur in any region of the body, however in the brain present clinical relevance related with the potential for spontaneous bleeding, adjacent tissue compression and convulsive activity. The aim of these report is to describe clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of a case of cerebrovascular hamartoma and highlight the diagnosis of these rare brain disorder in dogs.Case: A 10-year-old male dog, a Campeiro Bulldog breed presented convulsions episodes and died before an elective surgical procedure for eyelid nodule removal. Three red nodules were observed in the brain, one between the parietal lobe and the left occipital lobe (in the medium suprasylviam sulcus), the other in the caudal region of the corpus callosum and the third one in the cerebellar cortex. Central nervous system, eyelids and most organs and tissues samples were collected, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for histopathological analysis. Histologically, in the eyelid was detected a sebaceous adenoma. The nervous system samples revealed well-differentiated different sizes vascular structures with thin-walled and blood-filled, promoting compression of the brain. Normal neuropile was detected between the vascular structures substantiating cerebral vascular hamartoma diagnosis in the dog. Immunohistochemical assay was conducted with CD31 (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-CD31, Clone JC70A, Dako Corp.) and Von Willebrand factor (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-Von Willebrand factor, Clone F8/86, Dako Corp.) using the biotin–peroxidase–streptavidin method (PolyDetector Plus DAB–HRP, Bio SB) on CNS sections to confirm the vascular origin of the lining cells in the mass. Discussion: Hamartomas are rarely reported in domestic animals and mostly are of vascular origin. VH in nervous tissues can trigger clinical signs related to hemorrhage, brain space occupation, compression and obstructive secondary hydrocephalus. In general, cerebral VH have a slow progression and usually affected animals are asymptomatic. On the other hand, cerebral vascular hamartomas may also cause clinical signs in very young animals about 15 to 16 months old. In humans, clinical presentation of VH may be related with acquired lesions such as trauma, ionizing radiation, and other central nervous system injuries. In the present case, the dog presented convulsion episode only at 10 years old during pre-chirurgical procedures. The morphological features of the vascular hamartoma we observed in the Campeiro bulldog is classified as capillary teleangiectasia composed by well differentiated capillaries lined with well differentiated endothelial cells interspaced by normal neuronal tissue. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assay are extremely important to differentiate hamartoma from other tumors, since they may be macroscopically similar. The immunolabeling of endotelial cells by anti-CD31 and anti-Von Willebrand factor antibodies in the cerebral VH, highlight the vascular origin of the masses detected. However, it is also important to perform systematic gross examination of the brain in detail to detect even the smallest injuries in asymptomatic animals avoiding underdiagnoses of cerebral VH.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in cattle in Paraíba, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2092-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline M. Silveira ◽  
Eduardo M. Nascimento ◽  
Guilherme Konradt ◽  
Eldinê G. Miranda Neto ◽  
David Driemeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hematogenous Route

ABSTRACT: This paper describes six cases of tuberculosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle in the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. We reviewed the autopsy reports of 851 bovine necropsies performed from 2003 to 2016. Seventy-three (8.6%) cattle were diagnosed with tuberculosis and six showed lesions in the CNS. Three cases affected cattle up to two-year-old and other three affected adults. Three cattle presented exclusively nervous signs, two had respiratory signs and weight loss and one did not present any clinical signs. At necropsy, five cattle had thickening of the leptomeninges of the cerebellum, pons, obex, spinal cord and cortex, mainly, in the region near the brain basilar Willis´ circle. Another animal, presented a single focal lesion in the cerebellum. Microscopically we observed moderate to severe granulomatous meningitis and encephalitis. Five cattle presented lesions in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes and three of them had disseminated lesions in other organs. In all cattle acid-fast bacilli were observed in the lesions and marked positive for immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibody anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is concluded that bovine tuberculosis of central nervous system occurs sporadically in Paraíba, in cattle of different ages, most of them with disseminate lesions in other organs. The location of the lesions suggests that the agent invaded the brain by hematogenous route through the circle of Willis.

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