Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Elevated plasma and lung concentrations of oxidized lipids, including 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), have been demonstrated in patients with PAH and animal models. We previously demonstrated that feeding mice with 15-HETE is sufficient to induce pulmonary hypertension, but the mechanisms remain unknown. RNA sequencing data from the mouse lungs on 15-HETE diet revealed significant activation of pathways involved in both antigen processing and presentation and T cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Analysis of human microarray from patients with PAH also identified activation of identical pathways compared with controls. We show that in both 15-HETE–fed mice and patients with PAH, expression of the immunoproteasome subunit 5 is significantly increased, which was concomitant with an increase in the number of CD8/CD69 (cluster of differentiation 8 / cluster of differentiation 69) double-positive cells, as well as pulmonary arterial endothelial cell apoptosis in mice. Human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells cultured with 15-HETE were more prone to apoptosis when exposed to CD8 cells. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells secreted more oxidized lipids in response to 15-HETE, which is consistent with accumulation of circulating oxidized lipids in 15-HETE–fed mice. Administration of an apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I) mimetic peptide, Tg6F (transgenic 6F), which is known to prevent accumulation of circulating oxidized lipids, not only inhibited pulmonary arterial endothelial cell apoptosis but also prevented and rescued 15-HETE–induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that (1) 15-HETE diet induces pulmonary hypertension by a mechanism that involves oxidized lipid-mediated T cell–dependent pulmonary arterial endothelial cell apoptosis and (2) Tg6F administration may be a novel therapy for treating PAH.
Baicalin Suppresses Hypoxia-Reoxygenation-Induced Arterial Endothelial Cell Apoptosis via Suppressing PKCδ/p53 Signaling
