Male-fertility genes expressed in male flower buds of Silene latifolia include homologs of anther-specific genes

AbstractInduction of 2n pollen is a required technique for cultivating polyploid via sexual polyploidy. Orthogonal design or Taguchi Design was applied to select the best treatment process of 2n pollen induction inPopulus×popularisfrom different levels of the meiosis stage of male flower buds, colchicine concentration, times of injection, and interval between injections. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting were used to identify the triploids from the offspring ofP.×euramericana. (Dode) Guinier pollinated with induced pollen ofP.×popularis. The results showed that high 2n pollen rate can be achieved by selecting the flower buds during diakinesis stage in meiosis, and then injecting 0.6% colchicine 4 times with 2 hours interval. The 2n pollen rate reached 62.10% by this process, and two triploids were obtained, which indicates that it is possible for cultivating triploids via 2n pollen induction by colchicine treatment in poplar. Results and protocol related to 2n pollen induction, polyploid identification and effect of 2n pollen in this study might be applicable in polyploidy breeding in sectionAigeirosandTacamahacaof poplar.

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The growth of flower bud, life history, and population structure of Rafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesiaceae) in Bengkulu, Sumatra, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Author(s):

AGUS SUSATYA

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Life History ◽

Male Flower ◽

Female Flower ◽

Exponential Model ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Dynamics Of Population ◽

History Of ◽

Two Populations

Abstract. Susatya A. 2020. The growth of flower bud, life history, and population structure of Rafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesiaceae) in Bengkulu, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 792-798. The life history of Rafflesia arnoldii R.Br. is the reflection of the complex interaction between flower bud development and the external environments in order to reach its optimal survivorship. The objectives of the study were to determine the growth of flower buds at various development stages, to reconstruct the life history, and to know the population structure of R. arnoldii. The study was carried out at Taba Penanjung, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Two populations consisting of 17 individual buds of R. arnoldii were selected for the research. All buds were categorized into six visible stages, mapped, measured their diameters, and recorded their fates every two weeks for six months. The exponential model of growth development was applied to reconstruct the life history. The results showed that buds from the perigone stage respectively grew 3.5 and 12 times faster than those from the bract and cupule stages. The exponential growth of flower bud was confirmed, and explained by Y = 0.785 e0.0052 X, where Y and X were respectively diameter and age of flower bud. The complete life history of R. arnoldii required 3.5 to 5 years, where a female flower needed a longer time than a male flower. The population structure of R. arnoldii was not constant, but changed dynamically over time. The dynamics of population structure was mainly caused by the high mortality of small buds and the low flower bud recruitment.

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An asexual flower of Silene latifolia and Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae promoting its sexual-organ development

10.1101/634725 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroki Kawamoto ◽

Kaori Yamanaka ◽

Ayako koizumi ◽

Kotaro Ishii ◽

Yusuke Kazama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Male Flower ◽

Female Flower ◽

Silene Latifolia ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Bud Development ◽

Stamen Development ◽

The Family ◽

Flower Bud Development ◽

Gynoecium Development

AbstractSilene latifolia is a dioecious flowering plant with sex chromosomes in the family Caryophyllaceae. Development of a gynoecium and stamens are suppressed in the male and female flowers of S. latifolia, respectively. Microbtryum lychnidis-dioicae promotes stamen development when it infects the female flower. If suppression of the stamen and gynoecium development is regulated by the same mechanism, suppression of gynoecium and stamen development is released simultaneously with the infection by M. lychnidis-dioicae. To assess this hypothesis, an asexual mutant, without gynoecium or stamen, was infected with M. lychnidis-dioicae. A filament of the stamen in the infected asexual mutant was elongated at stages 11 and 12 of the flower bud development as well as the male, but the gynoecium did not form. Instead of the gynoecium, a filamentous structure was suppressed as in the male flower. Developmental suppression of the stamen was released by M. lychnidis-dioicae, but that of gynoecium development was not released. It is thought, therefore, that the suppression of gynoecium development was not released by the infection of M. lychnidis-dioicae. M. lychnidis-dioicae would have a function similar to SPF since the elongation of the stamen that is not observed in the healthy asexual mutant was observed after stage 8 of flower bud development. Such an infection experiment also that the Y chromosome of the asexual mutant has genes related to the differentiation of archesporial cells, but none related to maturation of the tapetal cells.

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Ontogeny of floral organs and morphology of floral apex in Phellodendron amurense (Rutaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt02015 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 633 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Qingyuan Zhou ◽

Yinzheng Wang ◽

Xiaobai Jin

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Male Flower ◽

Female Flower ◽

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Phellodendron Amurense ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Floral Organs ◽

Floral Apex ◽

Female Flowers

The ontogeny of floral organs and the morphology of floral apex in the dioecious Phellodendron amurense Rupr. were investigated by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Investigations indicated that P. amurense is hermaphroditic in its organisation and a common set of floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) arise in all flowers during the early stages of development. Later, selective abortion of gynoecium and androecium occurs resulting in dimorphic unisexual flowers. The carpels in male flower buds become different from those in female flower buds soon after their initiation. The stamens of female flowers are not differentiated into anthers and filaments before abortion. The poorly differentiated carpel of male flowers never develops normal structures. Floral morphological evidence supports that Zanthoxylum, Tetradium and Phellodendron are related to one another in a linear sequence. LSCM revealed some interesting features on the apical meristem surface such as zonal differentiation, a triangular or sectorial cell, radiating cell files and linear rows of anticlinal cell walls fluorescing relatively brightly. The concept of carpel-enhancing meristem in the floral apex is tentatively proposed to account for the different fates of carpel development in male and female flowers in P. amurense.

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Differential gene expression among three sex types reveals a MALE STERILITY 1 (CpMS1) for sex differentiation in papaya

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-019-2169-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dessireé Zerpa-Catanho ◽

Jennifer Wai ◽

Ming Li Wang ◽

Li’ang Yu ◽

Julie Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Determination ◽

Male Sterility ◽

Flower Development ◽

Sex Differentiation ◽

Male Flower ◽

Organ Development ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Organ ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Development Processes

Abstract Background Carica papaya is a trioecious plant species with a genetic sex-determination system defined by sex chromosomes. Under unfavorable environmental conditions male and hermaphrodite exhibit sex-reversal. Previous genomic research revealed few candidate genes for sex differentiation in this species. Nevertheless, more analysis is still needed to identify the mechanism responsible for sex flower organ development in papaya. Results The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes among male, female and hermaphrodite flowers in papaya during early (pre-meiosis) and later (post-meiosis) stages of flower development. RNA-seq was used to evaluate the expression of differentially expressed genes and RT-qPCR was used to verify the results. Putative functions of these genes were analyzed based on their homology with orthologs in other plant species and their expression patterns. We identified a Male Sterility 1 gene (CpMS1) highly up-regulated in male and hermaphrodite flower buds compared to female flower buds, which expresses in small male flower buds (3–8 mm), and that might be playing an important role in male flower organ development due to its homology to MS1 genes previously identified in other plants. This is the first study in which the sex-biased expression of genes related to tapetum development in the anther developmental pathway is being reported in papaya. Besides important transcription factors related to flower organ development and flowering time regulation, we identified differential expression of genes that are known to participate in ABA, ROS and auxin signaling pathways (ABA-8-hydroxylases, AIL5, UPBEAT 1, VAN3-binding protein). Conclusions CpMS1 was expressed in papaya male and hermaphrodite flowers at early stages, suggesting that this gene might participate in male flower organ development processes, nevertheless, this gene cannot be considered a sex-determination gene. Due to its homology with other plant MS1 proteins and its expression pattern, we hypothesize that this gene participates in anther development processes, like tapetum and pollen development, downstream gender specification. Further gene functional characterization studies in papaya are required to confirm this hypothesis. The role of ABA and ROS signaling pathways in papaya flower development needs to be further explored as well.

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Corrigenda to “Taxonomic revision of Chenopodiaceae in Nepal” [Phytotaxa 191: 10–44. 2014]

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.226.3.10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 226 (3) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alexander P. Sukhorukov ◽

Maria Kushunina

Keyword(s):

Leaf Anatomy ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Male Flower ◽

Taxonomic Revision ◽

New Combination ◽

Eastern Himalaya ◽

Original Material ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Long Time ◽

Kranz Leaf Anatomy

The first treatment of the family Chenopodiaceae for the flora of Nepal (Central and Eastern Himalaya) has been recently published (Sukhorukov & Kushunina 2014). However, after a detailed investigation of original material concerning Chenopodium pallidum Moquin-Tandon (1840: 30), which is a part of Jacquemont’s collection from India (Herbarium P), we can state that all these specimens indeed belong to Atriplex Linnaeus (1753: 1052). The morphological differences between Atriplex and Chenopodium Linnaeus (1753: 218) are clear in mature plants only, whereas the plants in the type material were gathered in vegetative or early blooming stage (with flower buds only). This explains why the specimens have remained misidentified for such a long time. The characters which support our statement are: (1) Kranz leaf anatomy, which is typical of many Atriplex species (Sukhorukov 2006) placed into the large ‘C4-clade’ (Kadereit et al. 2010), but never observed in Chenopodium, (2) unisexual flowers (only male flower buds were found, because female flowers are absent at early blooming stage) which of all Chenopodieae in its current circumscription are present only in Atriplex (Sukhorukov & Zhang 2013). The “Eastern India” (Fr.: “Indes Orientales” after Jacquemont, 1834), where the plants were collected, applies to the territories of present-day West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan (northern part), Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab (India, Pakistan), and bordering parts of Xizang (China). Only some Atriplex species with Kranz leaf anatomy occur in this region (Zhu et al. 2003, Klimeš & Dickoré 2005, Sukhorukov 2006), such as: A. centralasiatica Iljin (1936: 124), A. pamirica Iljin (1936: 124), and A. schugnanica Iljin (1936: 123). However, the plants known as A. schugnanica are the best match to the Jacquemont’s specimens due to aphyllous or bracteose (not leafy) inflorescence. According to Art. 11 of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012), the name Chenopodium pallidum appears to be an older name at specific rank for Atriplex schugnanica Iljin (1936: 123), and thus a new combination is proposed in the present paper. Besides, new Chenopodium species, previously named Chenopodium pallidum, is described from Nepal.

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Direct shoot regeneration from male immature flower buds of Musa paradisiaca Linn. cv. Poovan (AAB)

Plant Science Today ◽

10.14719/pst.2018.5.4.403 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 142-148

Author(s):

Anjana R G Nair ◽

P Ravichandran ◽

Mathew Bejoy

Keyword(s):

Shoot Regeneration ◽

Male Flower ◽

Basal Region ◽

Ms Medium ◽

Direct Shoot Regeneration ◽

Benzyl Adenine ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Direct Shoot

A tissue culture system has been developed to multiply Musa paradisiaca cv. Poovan using male immature flower bud and to establish it in ex vitro condition. Size of explants has been found an influencing factor for culture initiation. Immature male flower bud segments of 3 cm size were ideal for better survival and subsequent shoot regeneration. Direct shoot regeneration was achieved from male immature flower buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations of plant growth regulators. Initially, actively dividing meristematic region developed at the basal region of flower buds near the bract axil, which later grew into green shoot buds in most of the PGR treatments. Single use of benzyl adenine were found beneficial than kinetin or addition of indole-3-acetic acid. Maximum production of 31.0 ± 0.65 shoots was achieved on MS + 3% sucrose + 6 mg/L benzyl adenine in 15 weeks. Isolated healthy shoots were rooted in half-strength MS medium with 150 mg/L activated charcoal + 30 g/L sucrose + 1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid within 15 days and they established successfully in greenhouse conditions with 85 % survival.

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Genetic Control of Male Fertility in Higher Plants

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9920419 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

AM Chaudhury ◽

S Craig ◽

KC Bloemer ◽

L Farrell ◽

ES Dennis

Keyword(s):

Male Fertility ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Male Gamete ◽

Genetic Dissection ◽

Temporal Expression ◽

Chromosome Walking ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Complex Process ◽

Fertility Genes ◽

Genome Manipulation

Male development in higher plants is a complex process which requires the correct spatial and temporal expression of a large number of male fertility genes. They include the genes required for the structure of the male organs, as well as genes required for male gamete development. Male-sterile mutants, impaired in male fertility functions, have helped to identify a number of these genes in various plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana, the model crucifer. In A. thaliana, once these genes are mapped, they can be cloned by chromosome walking. Alternative strategies of cloning will be facilitated by the isolation of similar mutants by tagging with transposable elements, T-DNA, or by mutagen-induced deletion. Once the genes required for male fertility are cloned and their wild type function identified, an understanding of the molecular basis of male fertility is likely to result. The combination of genetic dissection and the modern techniques of genome manipulation have made such a goal feasible.

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