scholarly journals Influence of contemporary CAD-CAM milling systems on the fit and adaptation of partially stabilized Zirconia fixed partial dentures

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khulud Al Aali ◽  
Rana Alhamdan ◽  
Ahmed M Maawadh ◽  
Fahim Vohra ◽  
Tariq Abduljabbar
Keyword(s):  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Marginal Fit ◽  
Partially Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Internal Adaptation ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cam Systems

Objective: To evaluate marginal fit and internal adaptation of three-unit Zr frameworks fabricated from four Zr CAD/CAM milling systems. Methods: Fixed partial denture models were replicated (40 stone models) using Polyvinyl Siloxane impression material (PVS) and type IV stone for Zr framework fabrication. FPDs were milled with four CAD/CAM systems, Group-II: LAVA™ Zirconia milled by LAVA™, Group-2: Vita In-Ceram YZ milled by Cerec®, Group-3: Zirconia milled by GM1000 and Group-4: Zirconia milled by DWX-50N. Twelve marginal gap measurements per framework were performed at pre-established points, with a metallurgical microscope (Zeiss, Germany) at 500X magnification. Eight measurements of cement space per section were performed for adaptation. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results: Zirconia FPD frameworks exhibited gaps ranging from 16 to 50.1 µm for marginal fit and 26.8 to 102.5 µm for internal adaptation. Group-3 [20.8 (8.3) µm & 50.3 (11.4) µm] and Group-4 [16.0 (4.0) µm & 40.2 (8.8) µm] specimens showed significantly lower marginal fit and internal adaptation gaps compared to Group-I [50.1 (13.4) µm & 100.5 (16.7) µm] and Group-2 [38.9 (8.2) µm & 102.5 (13.4) µm] specimens respectively. Conclusions: Different CAD-CAM systems for fabrication of Zr FPD frameworks displayed a significant influence on marginal fit and internal adaptation of restorations. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3490 How to cite this:Al-Aali KA, Alhamdan RS, Maawadh AM, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Influence of contemporary CAD-CAM milling systems on the fit and adaptation of partially stabilized Zirconia fixed partial dentures. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):45-51.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3490 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Influence of time and hydration (ageing) on flexural strength of Yttrium stabilized Zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) fabricated with different CAD-CAM Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khulud A Al Aali ◽  
Saad Alresayes ◽  
Aasem M Alhenaki ◽  
Fahim Vohra ◽  
Tariq Abduljabbar
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cam Systems ◽  
Ageing Duration ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of time and hydration (ageing) on flexural strength of yttrium-stabilized zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) zirconia fabricated from three different materials. Methods: This in-vitro study was performed from June to September 2019. Y-TZP bars, measuring 2 x 3 x 20 mm were prepared and sintered from three different materials, Group-1: LAVA™ Zirconia (3M™ ESPE, US) (control) Group-2: Vita In-Ceram YZ (VITA, Germany) and Group-3: Aadva™ Zirconia (Zr) (GC Advanced technologies Inc.). 30 zirconia bars per group were prepared using sectioning of blocks with isomet saw. Followed by sintering in furnaces for recommended temperature cycles. One side of bars were polished and beveled for flexural testing. Groups of specimens were divided into subgroups of 3 (n=10) based on the ageing (distilled water in the incubator at 37ºC) durations (48 Hrs and two and half years). Ten specimens in each material groups were not aged (controls). Samples were exposed to a static force in a three-point bend test using a universal instron-testing machine until fracture. Scanning electron microscopic assessment was performed for fractured specimens for ageing. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results: The mean flexural strength at baseline for Group-1: LAVA™ Zirconia, group (632.7 ± 136.5 MPa) 2: Vita In-Ceram YZ (1036.3 ± 229.6 MPa), and Group-3: Aadva™ Zirconia (1171.3 ± 266.3 MPa) were significantly different. Group-2 and Group-3 specimens showed higher strength compared to Group-1 specimens, irrespective of the ageing duration (p<0.05). Analysis of pooled data for flexural strength for materials by aging period (baseline, after 48 hours and after 2 and ½ years) showed that there was significant reduction of strength with increasing duration (p<0.05). Conclusions: Y-TZP showed variations in flexural strength depending on the material type. Ageing duration exhibited significant influence on the flexural strength of Y-TZP when comparing no ageing to two and half years. Vita In-Ceram YZ and Aadva Zirconia (Zr) showed higher and clinically acceptable flexural strength outcomes. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3996 How to cite this:Al-Aali KA, Alresayes S, Alhenaki AM, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Influence of time and hydration (ageing) on flexural strength of Yttrium stabilized Zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) fabricated with different CAD-CAM Systems. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):---------.   doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3996 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Various Restoration Techniques on Internal Adaptation of Composites in Class V Cavities

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dionysopoulos ◽  
C. Papadopoulos ◽  
E. Koliniotou-Koumpia
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Class V ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Restoration Techniques ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Internal Adaptation ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different restoration techniques on the formation of internal microgaps between materials and dentin in class V restorations.Materials and Methods.Twenty-five extracted human premolars were prepared with standardized class V cavity outlines (3 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm). The cavities were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 cavities each and restored according to manufacturer’s instructions: Group 1: preheating (55°C) conventional composite (Filtek Z250), Group 2: flowable composite (Filtek Flow), Group 3: Filtek Flow + Filtek Z250 light-cured separately, Group 4: Filtek Flow + Filtek Z250 light-cured simultaneously, and Group 5 (control): Filtek Z250 at room temperature (23°C). The specimens were then thermocycled and cross-sectioned through the center of the restoration. Subsequently, impressions were taken, and epoxy resin replicas were made. The internal adaptation of the materials to the axial wall was analyzed under SEM.Results.The preheated Filtek Z250 (Group 1) showed better internal adaptation than the room temperature groups(P<0.05). The combination of Filtek Flow with Filtek Z250 which was light-cured separately (Group 3) exhibited better internal adaptation than control group(P<0.05).Conclusion.Different restoration techniques exhibit different behavior regarding internal adaptation to dentin after photopolymerization.

scholarly journals Comparison of Marginal Integrity and Surface Roughness of Selective Laser Melting, CAD-CAM and Digital Light Processing Manufactured Co-Cr Alloy Copings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8328
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz S. Alqahtani ◽  
Abdullah M. AlFadda ◽  
Malek Eldesouky ◽  
Mazen K. Alnuwaiser ◽  
Samar Al-Saleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cast Technique

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of fabrication techniques on the surface micro-roughness (Ra) and marginal misfit of cobalt chromium (CoCr) copings. A mandibular first molar was prepared for a metal ceramic crown. Forty metal copings were prepared and divided into groups (n = 10). Group 1, Casting-Lost wax technique (Cast-LWT), Group 2, CAD-CAM, Group 3, Selective laser melting (SLM), and Group 4, Digital light processing-Cast (DLP-Cast). Ra was measured using laser profilometry and marginal misfit was analyzed with Micro-CT. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey multiple comparison, and correlation coefficient tests were applied (p < 0.05). SLM technique showed the highest Ra (2.251 ± 0.310 μm) and the Cast-LWT group presented the lowest Ra (1.055 ± 0.184 μm). CAD-CAM copings showed statistically lower Ra compared with SLM samples (p = 0.028), but comparable Ra to DLP-Cast (p > 0.05). CoCr copings fabricated from the DLP-Cast technique demonstrated the highest marginal misfit (147.746 ± 30.306 μm) and the lowest misfit was established by SLM copings (27.193 ± 8.519 μm). The SLM technique displayed lower marginal misfit than DLP-Cast and CAD-CAM (p = 0.001), but comparable misfit to Cast-LWT copings. Ra influenced the marginal misfit in CAD-CAM, SLM, and DLP-Cast technique-fabricated copings. (p < 0.01). Marginal misfit and Ra of CoCr copings are contingent on the different fabrication techniques.

scholarly journals Evaluation of marginal fit and internal adaptation of zirconia copings fabricated by two CAD - CAM systems: An in vitro study

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Jayaraman ◽  
BalajiN Rajan ◽  
Baburajan Kandhasamy ◽  
Ilangkumaran Rajakumaran
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Marginal Fit ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Internal Adaptation ◽  
Cam Systems

scholarly journals General Anesthesia in Geriatric Dogs with Propofol-Isoflurane, PropofolSevoflurane, Alphaxalone-Isoflurane, Alphaxalone-Sevoflurane and Their Comparison of Biochemical, Hemodynamic and Cardiopulmonary Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Zeynep Bilgen Şen ◽  
Nuh Kiliç
Keyword(s):  
Blood Collection ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Isoflurane Anesthesia ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs ◽  
Group I ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Geriatric is defined as the life-cycle in which the physical state, organ functions, sensory functions, mental function and immunity progressively regress. Aging causes progressive and irreversible changes in the functional capacities of organ systems, which in turn alter the response to stress and anesthetic drugs. Propofol is an anesthetic agent with sedative and hypnotic effects. Anesthesia induction with propofol is fast and smooth. Alphaxalone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane11,20-dione) is a central nervous system depressant in the form of synthetic neuroactive steroids. This allows anesthesia and muscle relaxation by increasing the inhibition of gamma amino butyric acid type A (GABA) receptors. The aim of this study is to compare effects of propofol-isoflurane and propofol-sevoflurane with relatively a new anesthetic combination alphaxalone-isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane on hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: Dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups and anesthesia protocols were applied. After induction of anesthesia with 6 mg/kg propofol in groups 1 and 2, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 1 and sevoflurane in group 2. After induction of 3 mg/kg alphaxalone anesthesia in groups 3 and 4, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 3 whereas sevoflurane in group 4. Vena cephalica was catheterized for blood collection. At the preanesthetic period, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after the anesthesia, complete blood counts were performed. Serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine values were measured during preanesthesia, perianesthesia 15-30 min and 60 min after anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary parameters and reflexes were evaluated before anesthesia and recorded at perianesthetic 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after full recovery. Patients were monitored during anesthesia. The average age of the dogs in the study was 10.83. All of the dogs were anesthetized in a few seconds with intravenous injection of propofol or alphaxalone. During anesthesia the respiratory rate (fR) was recorded by counting the movements of the reservoir bag. A pulse oximeter was used to monitor pulse rate (fH) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). Body temperature was measured from rectum with a thermometer. Geriatric dogs were anesthetized for a variety of clinical reasons, concerning laparatomy (12.5%), orthopedic (7.5%), soft tissue (60%),  dental (10%) and ophthalmologic surgery (10%). Duration of anesthesia was 94.44 (± 12.6) for group I, 81(± 10.54) for group II, 93.88 (± 11.6) for group III and 64.5 (± 3.97) min for group IV. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different in the four groups.Discussion: The mean duration of anesthesia recovery was 6.0 ± 2.0 in group 1, 4.6 ± 1.45 in group 2, 3.7 ± 1.23 in group 3 and 9.7 ± 3.09 min in group 4. In group 4 recovery was longer than other groups and statistically significant (P < 0.05). In our research, the recovery is shorter in the isoflurane treated groups than in the sevoflurane treated groups. When the effect of different groups on heart rate was examined, the difference between them was not significant.  Duration and depth of the anesthesia with propofol-isoflurane, propofol-sevoflurane, alphaxalone–isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane were found to be satisfactory for surgery. Four anesthetic agents applied in geriatric dogs did not adversely affected the hematological and biochemical parameters. In conclusion anesthesia on geriatric dogs after induction of propofol and alphaxalone maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane found to be safe. However, they did not provide analgesia in painful operations, so it would be appropriate to use analgesics in the pre or intraoperative period.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Sintering Cycles on the Surface Hardness of Full Contour Monolithic Zirconia – An In Vitro Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (28) ◽  
pp. 2089-2093
Author(s):  
Sanath Kumar Shetty ◽  
Feba Maria Varghese ◽  
Mohammed Zahid ◽  
Savitha Dandekeri ◽  
Fowzaan Feroz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Hardness ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cycle Group ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND This in-vitro study was conducted to compare the effect of different sintering cycles on the surface hardness of full contour monolithic Zirconia. METHODS In this in-vitro study, a total of 28 bar shaped Zirconia samples of final dimensions 20 x 4 x 2 mm were fabricated using Amann Girrbach CAD - CAM unit. These samples were randomly allocated into four groups with 7 samples in each group namely, Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Group 1: Long sintering cycle, Group 2: Intermediate sintering cycle, Group 3: Short sintering cycle, Group 4: Ultra-short sintering cycle) and sintered under the respective sintering cycles. The Ceramill® Therm sintering furnace provided 3 sintering cycles ranging from the longest Group - 1 (19 hours), to the short sintering cycle Group - 3 (8 hours), with an intermediate sintering cycle Group - 2 (15hours). The Zircom sintering furnace provided an ultra-short sintering cycle Group - 4 (2 hours). The testing of surface hardness was performed using TECSOL hardness tester. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed by one - way ANOVA using SPSS software. Multiple comparison was done using post-hoc Tukey’s test. RESULTS One - way ANOVA showed statistically significant difference in the surface hardness of different samples (P < 0.05). The highest mean hardness was observed in Group 3 with 2713.757 + 233.89 VHN, followed by Group 2 with 2595.714 + 62.35 VHN, followed by Group 4 with 2518.600 + 103.65 VHN and Group 1 with the least, 1734.300 + 460.20 VHN. CONCLUSIONS The surface hardness of full contour monolithic Zirconia was influenced to some extent by various sintering cycles. The longest sintering cycle showed the least surface hardness whereas, the short sintering cycle showed the highest surface hardness. Also the ultra-short sintering cycle of 2 hours exhibited surface hardness comparable to the other sintering cycles with longer duration, making it a viable alternative to the conventional sintering cycles. KEY WORDS Monolithic Zirconia, CAD - CAM, Sintering, Hardness

scholarly journals Avaliação de meios para armazenagem de resíduos de amálgama de prata

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Carmen Beatriz Borges Fortes ◽  
Susana Maria Werner Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Initial Storage

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shown efectiveness by different ways of storage of amalgam residues, to reduce the liberation of mercury from such residues to the air ambience and to compare with lhe highest value established by the NR-15 (regulation norm number 15) from the decroe number 3214, of the brazilian labor ministry, dated from june, 8 h of 1978. As mercury source, amalgam in capsules of the brand Dispersalloy (Dentsplay) was used after grinding, in the mechanic amalgamizer varimix II (caulk), the quantity of amalgam in cach capsule was collected from a sieve that had a mesh with mm of width to standardize lhe fragmentation. The fragmented amalgam was stored in jars made of transparent polypropylene, that could store 5()() ml; one of the jars was kept in a dry atmosphere (group l), and the others were immersed in distilled water (group 2), in glycerin (group 3) and in a solution of dentistry x-ray fixer (group 4). These jars were kept tightly shut, and put inside a bigger polypropylene recipient, during the time they were stored. Thirty minutes after the storage of the fragments, the jars were opened and air samples were collected around each of the four jars. The same procedure was performed 30 days after the initial storage. A Pump Sampler of Air manufactured by SKCâ was used to do the air collection. The air samples were analyzed by a spectrophotorneter of atomic absorption, to determinate the quantity of mercury. This analysis showed the following mercury concentration rates in the air samples, from the first and the second collection of the four groups, in the following order: group I 6,100 mg/m3 and 0,816 mg/m3 ; group 2 - 0,252 mg/rn3 and 0,157 mg/m 3 ; group 3 — 0,071 mg/m3 and 0,005 mg/m3 ; groui) 4 — 0,256 mg/m3 and 0,005 mg/m3. The results showed that glycerin is the safest way to store amalgam residues, since the quantity of mercuor vapor found in the air, in both collections: the first one and the other 30 days after, never surpassed the highest value established by NR-15 (Regulation Norm number 15), also demonstrating, bigger security, since the initial period of storage of these residues.

scholarly journals The effect of uncooked and roll-dried maize starch, alone and mixed in equal quantity with sucrose, on dental caries in the albino rat

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Green ◽  
R. L. Hartles
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

1. One hundred and ten weanling rats were distributed between five dietary groups in randomized blocks. Each block was constructed from within a litter and each member of the block received a different diet.2. The main features of the diets were: group I (twenty-six rats) 72% sucrose, group 2 (sixteen rats) 72% uncooked maize starch, group 3 (sixteen rats) 72% roll-dried maize starch, group 4 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% uncooked starch, group 5 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% roll-dried starch.3. The animals were killed after 20 days on the diets and assessed for dental caries. The rats of group 1 (sucrose) had significantly more caries than all other groups, the rats of group 2 (uncooked starch) had significantly less caries than any of the other groups. Roll-dried starch (group 3) produced significantly more caries than uncooked starch (group 2). The mixture of uncooked starch and sucrose (group 4) was significantly more cariogenic than the mixture of roll-dried starch and sucrose (group 5).

scholarly journals Hematology of 2, 4 (Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine) Induced Anaemic Rat Administered with Ficus capensis Fruits and Leave Extract

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
N. N. Umerah ◽  
J. I. Okoye ◽  
A. I. Asouzu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Anemia is regarded as public health challenge and is predominant in developing countries due to nutritional deficiencies. Aim/Objectives: The study was carried out to evaluate the biological properties of Ficus capensis fruits and vegetables on some haematological parameters in 2, 4 (dinitrophenyl hydrazine) induced anemic rat. Materials and Methods: Ficus capensis leaves and fruits were separately plucked, sorted cleaned. Twenty male adult rats were purchased from the Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each on the basis of body weight. The rats in all the groups received 2, 4-DNPH (20 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 7 days to induce anaemia. Group I were fed rat chow alone, group 2 were fed rat chow with ferrous sulphate, group 3 were fed rat chow with Ficus capensis leaves extract and group 4 were fed rat chow with Ficus capensis seed extract. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and fruits were tested for haematinic effects in albino rats. Blood parameters such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, White Blood Cell (WBC) count and Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were measured. Results: The result showed that the mean PCV baseline of the rats were (38.72-39.24%), mean PCV of anemic rats (33.01- 34.60%) and the mean PCV of the rats after test of recovery were group 1 (34.10%), group 2 (51.81%), group 3 (40.20%) and group 4 (38.20%).The result showed that the mean HB baseline of the rats were (9.67-10.47 g/dl), mean HB of anemic rats (6.50- 7.10 g/dl) and the mean HB of the rats after test of recovery were group 1 (6.51 g/dl), group 2 (12.32 g/dl), group 3 (9.73 g/dl) and group 4 (9.69 g/dl). The results of the effect of the extracts on the haematological parameters indicated that oral administration of the aqueous extract of Ficus capensis leaves and fruits after 22 days exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in haematinic activity by increasing the blood parameters Hb, PCV, WBC and RBC.

Axis I comorbidity in bipolar disorder with psychotic features

1999 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Pini ◽  
Liliana Dell'Osso ◽  
Concettina Mastrocinque ◽  
Giovanni Marcacci ◽  
Alessandra Papasogli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Psychotic Features ◽  
Different Characteristics

BackgroundAxis I comorbidities are prevalent among patients with severe bipolar disorder but the clinical and psychopathological implications are not clear.AimsTo investigate characteristics of four groups of patients categorised as follows: substance abuse only (group I), substance abuse associated with other Axis I disorders (group 2), non-substance-abuse Axis I comorbidity (group 3), no psychiatric comorbidity (group 4)MethodConsecutive patients with bipolar disorder with psychotic features (n=125) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R – patient version, and several psychopathological scales.ResultsBy comparison with group 4, group I had a higher risk of having mood-incongruent delusions, group 2 had an earlier age at onset of mood disorder, a more frequent onset with a mixed state and a higher risk of suicide, and group 3 had more severe anxiety and a better awareness of illness.ConclusionsSubstance abuse, non-substance-abuse Axis I comorbidity and their reciprocal association are associated with different characteristics of bipolar disorder.

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