Recent advances in understanding the development and function of γδ T cells

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.22161.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 306

Author(s):

Alejandra V. Contreras ◽

David L. Wiest

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Host Defense ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Recent Advances ◽

And Function

γδ T cells are a subset of T cells with attributes of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. These cells have long been an enigmatic and poorly understood component of the immune system and many have viewed them as having limited importance in host defense. This perspective persisted for some time both because of critical gaps in knowledge regarding how the development of γδ T cells is regulated and because of the lack of effective and sophisticated approaches through which the function of γδ T cells can be manipulated. Here, we discuss the recent advances in both of these areas, which have brought the importance of γδ T cells in both productive and pathologic immune function more sharply into focus.

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The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of MM and their uses in immunotherapies

Blood Cancer Journal ◽

10.1038/bcj.2015.32 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. e306-e306 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

T Dosani ◽

M Carlsten ◽

I Maric ◽

O Landgren

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Natural Killer ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Tumor Evolution ◽

The Status ◽

And Function ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

Functional Profiles ◽

Killer T Cells

Abstract As vast strides are being made in the management and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), recent interests are increasingly focusing on understanding the development of the disease. The knowledge that MM develops exclusively from a protracted phase of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance provides an opportunity to study tumor evolution in this process. Although the immune system has been implicated in the development of MM, the scientific literature on the role and status of various immune components in this process is broad and sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we present a review of cellular immune subsets in myelomagenesis. We summarize the current literature on the quantitative and functional profiles of natural killer cells and T-cells, including conventional T-cells, natural killer T-cells, γδ T-cells and regulatory T-cells, in myelomagenesis. Our goal is to provide an overview of the status and function of these immune cells in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow during myelomagenesis. This provides a better understanding of the nature of the immune system in tumor evolution, the knowledge of which is especially significant considering that immunotherapies are increasingly being explored in the treatment of both MM and its precursor conditions.

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Protective Roles of γδ T Cells and Interleukin-15 in Escherichia coli Infection in Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.66.7.3270-3278.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 3270-3278 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

M. Takano ◽

H. Nishimura ◽

Y. Kimura ◽

Y. Mokuno ◽

J. Washizu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

T Cells ◽

T Cell Receptor ◽

Host Defense ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

E Coli ◽

Escherichia Coli Infection ◽

Interleukin 15

The number of γδ T cells in the peritoneal cavity was increased after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with Escherichia coli in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive C3H/HeN mice but not in LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice. The γδ T cells preferentially expressed invariant Vγ6 and Vδ1 chains and proliferated to produce a large amount of gamma interferon in the presence of LPS. Mice depleted of γδ T cells by T-cell receptor δ gene mutation showed impaired resistance against E. coli as assessed by bacterial growth. Macrophages from C3H/HeN mice infected with E. coli expressed higher levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA than those from the infected C3H/HeJ mice. Administration of anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody inhibited, albeit partially, the appearance of γδ T cells in C3H/HeN mice after E. coli infection and diminished the host defense against the infection. These results suggest that LPS-stimulated γδ T cells play an important role in the host defense against E. coli infection and that IL-15 may be partly involved in the protection via an increase in the γδ T cells.

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Regulatory T Cells, a Potent Immunoregulatory Target for CAM Researchers: The Ultimate Antagonist (I)

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nek022 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Aristo Vojdani ◽

Jonathan Erde

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Host Defense ◽

Western Medicine ◽

Treg Cells ◽

Active Suppression ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Past ◽

Powerful Means

Over the past decade, great interest has been given to regulatory T (Treg) cells. A vast body of evidence has shown the existence and highlighted the importance of Treg cells in the active suppression of immune system responses. This form of immunoregulation is the dominant means utilized by the immune system to reach a harmony between reciprocal response processes in order to ensure adequate host defense with minimal host detriment. Therapeutically targeting Treg cells is a direct and powerful means to manipulate the immune system to achieve beneficial effects on various disease pathologies, including allergy, autoimmunity and cancer, as well as the facilitation of organ transplantation. This powerful target for immunoregulation is of much concern to practitioners and researchers of complementary and alternative medicine because it allows a great deal of control and certainty in dealing with the prevalence of debilitating immune system-related disorders for which there has been little remedy outside of Western Medicine.

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Diversity in recognition and function of human γδ T cells

Immunological Reviews ◽

10.1111/imr.12930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 298 (1) ◽

pp. 134-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Caitlin D. Castro ◽

Christopher T. Boughter ◽

Augusta E. Broughton ◽

Amrita Ramesh ◽

Erin J. Adams

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

And Function

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Specificity and function of Qa-1 restricted γδ T cells

Research in Immunology ◽

10.1016/0923-2494(90)90064-6 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 141 (6) ◽

pp. 600-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Z. Dembić ◽

D. Vidović

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

And Function

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Plasmodium berghei XAT: Contribution of γδ T cells to host defense against infection with blood-stage nonlethal malaria parasite

Experimental Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.exppara.2007.05.002 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 368-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Fumie Kobayashi ◽

Mamoru Niikura ◽

Seiji Waki ◽

Toshihiro Matsui ◽

Takashi Fujino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Host Defense ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Malaria Parasite ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Blood Stage

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Flexible migration program regulates γδ T-cell involvement in humoral immunity

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2003-04-1016 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 102 (10) ◽

pp. 3693-3701 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Marlène Brandes ◽

Katharina Willimann ◽

Alois B. Lang ◽

Ki-Hoan Nam ◽

Chenggang Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

B Cell ◽

Humoral Immunity ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Migration Program ◽

And Function

Abstractγδ T cells are inadequately defined both in terms of their migration potential and contribution to antimicrobial immunity. Here, we have examined the migration profile of human blood γδ T cells and related cell lines and correlated these findings with their distribution in secondary lymphoid tissues and their function in B-cell cocultures. We find that resting γδ T cells are characterized by an inflammatory migration program similar to cells of the innate immune system. However, T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering resulted in the rapid but transient induction of a lymph node (LN)-homing program, as evidenced by functional CCR7 expression and concomitant reduction in expression and function of CCR5 and, to a lesser degree, CCR2. Moreover, the LN-homing program was reflected by the presence of γδ T cells in gastrointestinal lymphoid tissues, notably in clusters within germinal centers of B-cell follicles. In line with these findings, VγVδ-TCR triggering resulted in prominent expression of essential B-cell costimulatory molecules, including CD40L, OX40, CD70, and ICOS. Furthermore, γδ T cells were shown to provide potent B-cell help during in vitro antibody production. Collectively, our findings agree with a role for γδ T cells in humoral immunity during the early phase of antimicrobial responses. (Blood. 2003; 102:3693-3701)

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Immunomodulation by Gut Microbiota: Role of Toll-Like Receptor Expressed by T Cells

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2014/586939 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Mariagrazia Valentini ◽

Alessia Piermattei ◽

Gabriele Di Sante ◽

Giuseppe Migliara ◽

Giovanni Delogu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mutual Regulation ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Numerous Cell ◽

Specific Receptors ◽

And Function

A close relationship exists between gut microbiota and immune responses. An imbalance of this relationship can determine local and systemic immune diseases. In fact the immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis with the microbiota that normally resides in the gut, while, at the same time, the gut microbiota influences the immune system, modulating number and function of effector and regulatory T cells. To achieve this aim, mutual regulation between immune system and microbiota is achieved through several mechanisms, including the engagement of toll-like receptors (TLRs), pathogen-specific receptors expressed on numerous cell types. TLRs are able to recognize ligands from commensal or pathogen microbiota to maintain the tolerance or trigger the immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest evidences about the role of TLRs expressed in adaptive T cells, to understand how the immune system promotes intestinal homeostasis, fights invasion by pathogens, and is modulated by the intestinal microbiota.

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