scholarly journals On the Origins of Churches and Churchyards of Southern Estonia: The Evidence of Early Grave Finds

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiki Valk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Rural Churches ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Origins ◽  
The Church

Data about the earliest history of medieval churches of southernEstonia are fragmentary, being limited to the first mentions ofthe parish, priest or congregation, or to mostly scanty historicalinformation about the architecture. Some information can also beprovided by archaeological grave finds, which often date back furtherthan the first data about the churches.The article presents a brief survey of the finds from the churchyardsof southern Estonia, the area of medieval diocese of Tartu, frombefore ca. 1450 AD. The finds, mostly jewellery and fragments ofcremated bones, show that churches were often built on top of oldcemeteries from the Final Iron Age, whereby the pre-Christianjewellery items, mostly brooches, rings and bracelets, date mainlyfrom the 11th to the early 13th centuries. If the cases in which thearchaeological information is limited or non-existent are excluded,60% of the rural churches of southern Estonia (9 out of 15) were builton pre-Christian cemeteries. The percentage may even be higher,since archaeological data for more than half of the churchyards iseither missing or insufficient for drawing any conclusions. In thecases where major temporal gaps exist between the Final Iron Agefinds and the first written or architectural data about the church,the cemetery probably functioned continuously as a village cemeteryin the Christian period.The pre-Christian origins of the cemeteries in the churchyards indicatethat the local communities were actively involved in choosing thelocations for the churches at the time of Christianization. Place continuityalso shows that, despite the violent nature of Christianization,the natives of southern Estonia did not oppose having Christiansanctuaries built on pre-Christian cemeteries, and evidently, thecontinuous use of the former burial site was considered important.

A Datable English Alabaster Altar-piece at Santiago de Compostela

1926 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Hildburgh
Keyword(s):  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

In the year 1456 a certain English parish priest, making the pilgrimage to the great shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela, took with him an English retable of wood with panels of carved alabaster, and gave it to the cathedral containing the shrine, A document, written in Gallegan Spanish and still in being, sets forth how there appeared before its writer, with witnesses, at the high altar, on the 25th day of May, 1456, ‘a man who said that he was of the nation of the Kingdom of England, by name called Johanes Gudguar, rector of the church of Cheilinvvintour diocese ’, who, for service of God and reverence for the very holy Apostle ‘Sebedeu ’, and for the benefit of his sins, gave to the Compostelan church a retable of wood with figures of alabaster, painted with gold and blue, setting forth the history of the said holy Apostle.

scholarly journals GLOBALISASI, PELAYARAN-PERDAGANGAN DAN DIVERSITAS POPULASI: STUDI SISA MANUSIA SITUS LERAN, REMBANG, JAWA TENGAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Sofwan Noerwidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Biological Affinity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Position

The issue of globalization is booming recently, but it is not really a new thing in the history of human civilization. However, the issue of globalization in the past, -particularly in Archaeological perspective- is not too much discussed among social sciences in Indonesia. This paper aims to open the isolation by understanding the processes of globalization and its correlation to the maritime trade through archaeological data based on human remains from Leran burial site, Rembang, Central Java. Research method used in this paper is Bioarchaeological approach based on dental metric and non-metric characters analysis which performed to determine the biological affinity of Leran people in comparison with some samples from surrounding area. The result could be seen that the Leran population has a fairly diverse biological affinity which correlated to the strategic position of this site in the ancient global network of maritime trade.Isu globalisasi yang saat ini sedang marak dibicarakan, sesungguhnya bukan hal yang baru dalam sejarah peradaban manusia. Namun, studi mengenai globalisasi dalam perspektif masa lampau khususnya arkeologi, sampai saat ini tidak banyak didiskusikan di antara ilmu-ilmu sosial di Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses globalisasi yang berhubungan dengan pelayaran dan perdagangan maritim melalui data arkeologis, berupa sisa rangka manusia dari situs Leran, Rembang, Jawa Tengah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan bioarkeologis melalui analisis karakter metrik dan non-metrik gigi geligi untuk mengetahui afinitas biologis manusia Leran dalam perbandingannya dengan beberapa sampel populasi dari kawasan sekitarnya. Hasilnya dapat diketahui bahwa populasi Leran memiliki diversitas afinitas biologis yang cukup beragam berhubungan dengan posisi strategis situs tersebut dalam jaringan perdagangan maritim global masa lampau.

The Spade and the Text: The Interaction between Archaeology and Israelite History Relating to the Tenth-Ninth Centuries bce

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIHAI MAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
United Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Sources

There exists today a wide spectrum of views concerning the process of the writing and redaction of the various parts of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the evaluation of the biblical text in reconstructing the history of Israel during the Iron Age. An archaeologist must make a choice between divergent views and epistemological approaches when trying to combine archaeological data with biblical sources. There are five major possibilities, one of which is to claim that the biblical sources retain important kernels of ancient history in spite of the comparatively late time of writing and editing. Archaeology can be utilized to examine biblical data in the light of archaeology and judge critically the validity of each biblical episode. This chapter examines why we should accept the historicity of the biblical account regarding ninth-century northern Israel and discredit the historicity of the United Monarchy or Judah. It also discusses Jerusalem as a city during the tenth to ninth centuries and its role in defining state formation in Judah.

“To the God Who is in Dan”: The Archaeology and History of Biblical Dan

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-359
Author(s):  
John C.H. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Northern Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The City

This article consists of two foci. First, the archaeological history of Tel Dan as revealed by the longest running excavation ever conducted in Israel will be surveyed. Emphasis will be given to the major periods of known urbanization of the site: The Early Bronze Age; the Middle Bronze Age; and the Iron Age II. The materials dated to Iron Age II will be especially emphasized because they have the most significance for any attempt to understand the city of Dan during the biblical period. The second issue to be discussed is the thorny one of relating biblical texts to archaeological data or vice-versa. The Bible is not written as straightforward history, whatever that may be. Thus biblical texts cannot often be taken at face value in evaluating their historical content. It will be argued that is especially true of the mostly negative and hostile attitude seen towards the City of Dan in the Bible. It will be concluded that this view of Dan is due to the literary formation and editing of the texts as we now have them in the Bible. This hostility represents a Judean perspective which is very negative of the northern kingdom of Israel that was created after the death of Solomon.

scholarly journals La construcción del paisaje cristiano de Galicia: hacia la definición de un modelo de transformación

2015 ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Marco V. Garcia Quintela
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Sobre Todo

El monoteísmo y el universalismo cristianos llevan implícita su difusión por todas partes. Se convierten las personas y sus prácticas, pero también el orden del tiempo y las percepciones del espacio. En el artículo se estudian los procedimientos seguidos para construir el paisaje cristiano de Galicia. La metodología empleada es una combinación de arqueología del paisaje, arqueoastronomía e historia de las religiones. Se aprecia una reutilización coherente de los paisajes paganos preexistentes, sobre todo de la Edad del Hierro celta, sin que ello suponga una subordinación de la Iglesia sino, por el contrario, un reaprovechamiento del pasado desde una posición dominante. The making of the galician christian landscape: towards the definition of a model of transformation - Monotheism and Christian universalism aim to be spread everywhere. People and practices become Christian, but also the order of time and the perceptions of space. In our work we study the procedures implemented to build up the Christian landscape of Galicia. The methodology is a combination of landscape archeology, archaeoastronomy and history of religions. We can detect a coherent reuse of pre-existing pagan landscapes, especially those of the Celtic Iron Age, but this does not imply the subordination of the Church but, o the opposite, a reading of previous landscapes from a dominant position.

Inventory of the of St. Peter Church in the Antakalnis written by Peter Korkonos in 1609

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 313-328
Author(s):  
Iwona Pietrzkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Historical Source ◽  
National Library ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

In 1609 Peter Korkonos, the new rector (parish priest) of the St. Peter Church in Vilnius wrote an inventory of this church. It’s the oldest inventory of the church we know today. Two fragments of this document have been found in the collections of the Archive of Vilnius Archdiocese and The Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. In this edition these two fragments of the historical source have been combined and commented. Particular attention has been paid to the problem of books, which were the property of the church at this time. The most relevant facts from the history of St. Peter Church are also mentioned in this work. The first wooden church founded about 1492–1507 burned down. The management of the parish and the years of restoration were documented by Peter Korkonos. After the death of the parson St. Peter Church was handed over to the Canons Regular of the Lateran. The presented sources have not been widely used in academic theses concerning the church. They complete former knowledge related with formation of the local library.

scholarly journals An Interdisciplinary Study of Early Mediaeval Churches in North-Western Spain (Galicia)

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez ◽  
Rebeca Blanco-Rotea ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Rural Churches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
North Western

Over the last five years, the EMCHAHE (Early Medieval Churches: History, Archaeology and Heritage) Project has analysed the architecture, archaeology and history of numerous rural churches of the High Middle Ages in Galicia (NW Spain), through its historical, stratigraphic and chronological study. As a result, the knowledge of this historical period has been broadened and even changed, as well as an interdisciplinary methodology on how to approach this type of study. According to the results obtained, the project has allowed us to reflect on two issues, the potential of a relatively low-cost type of study to understand, assess and disseminate this type of heritage and the special appreciation and ownership that local communities have towards these churches as an engine of sustainable social development.

scholarly journals Detestabile scelus Perastinorum - the psychological and social background of the murder of Pompejus de Pasqualibus, the abbot of the St George Abbey near Perast

2015 ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Katarina Mitrovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
The Body ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
The People ◽  
Church Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

The St George Abbey was founded on an island near Perast by the Benedictine Monastic Order by the beginning of the 11th century. From the mid-13th century, the community of Kotor had the right of patronage over the abbey, which allowed the patriciate of Kotor to elect abbots as well as have a say in numerous monastery affairs, including propriety rights. Therefore, on November the 2nd 1530, Minor Council of Kotor named Pompejus de Pasqualibus, a nobleman from Kotor, the abbot of the St George Abbey. After the official consent from Rome and Venice, father Pompejus took over the abbey. Soon after, a gruesome crime took place on the island, a crime unseen in the history of the Kotor church. On the Feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross, May 3rd 1535, a group of Perast locals, armed with sticks and daggers, broke into the abbey and killed abbot Pasqualibus at the altar as he was saying Pater Noster. Nikola Krosic, the chaplain of the St George Abbey, and a few others tried to stop the murderers, but to no avail. The killers went on to humiliate the body of the deceased by throwing it out of the church and dumping it into a nearby pit, which added to the resentment, especially among the patriciates of Kotor. Three days later, on the Feast of the Ascension, the bishop of Kotor, Luka Bizanti, publicly excommunicated the killers and their men in the cathedral, while Pope Paul III forbade all service at the church where the crime had been committed. The interdict wasn?t recalled until 1546. In the decree of excommunication, Bishop Luka Bizanti emphasized the fact that father Pompejus hadn?t said or done anything to provoke the killers. What are the reasons of such an outpour of mass anger among dozens of Perast locals? Around that time, for several decades, Perast, a village founded on St George?s fief, started to improve its economy as a result of the expansion of ship-building and trading. More and more inhabitants of Perast started to sail and take part in the trade, especially on the rye and salt market. They had the support of the Venetian authorities, which caused envy among the inhabitants of Kotor, who considered Perast a part of their district. The tendency to achieve a full emancipation from the community of Kotor included church interests as well. After a gradual weakening of church life on the island, the St George church took on the role of a parish church under the patronage of Kotor. Perast locals were evidently dissatisfied with the idea of their parish priest being a noble Pasqualibus of Kotor, whose descent and position were representative of everything they despised and fought against. The motive of the murder was a trivial one - father Pompejus refused to hold service at the St Church on the Feast of the Holy Cross, which deeply insulted the people of Perast. The exceedingly long process of turning the Benedictine abbey into a parish church and a sepulchral chapel of Perast reached its peak on November the 17th1634 with the edict of the Venetian Senate taking the right of patronage away from the community of Kotor. From then on, ius patronatus belonged to the Venetian Senate, while the choice of the abbot, the parish priest of Perast in fact, was left to the locals.

scholarly journals The main stages of the ancient history of Japan (materials for educational course "Archaeology of overseas Asia")

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Komissarov ◽  
E. A. Solovieva ◽  
A. V. Tabarev ◽  
A. I. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northeast Asian ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Different Cultures

This review of the main publications about the problems of Japanese archaeology (from Paleolithic epoch up to the period of Kofun culture) represents teaching materials for students with specialty in archaeology (within the course «Archaeology of overseas Asia») and with specialty in oriental studies (within the course «History and culture of Japan»). Taking into account the main task of this publication – namely, support for educational process – authors of this review, first of all, engaged most authoritative summarizing editions, because their conceptions and conclusions passed through necessary approbation and were maintained by the greater part of academic community. The main problems under discussion in Japanese archaeology are as follows: chronology of the first inhabitation of Archipelago; classification of the stone implements according technologies of production and ways of usage; early ceramics in the context of Northeast Asian archaeology; the origin of Ainu and their predecessors; beginning of agriculture and development of bronze and iron metallurgy; semantics of dogu and haniva figurines; characteristics of megalithic monuments; attribution of «horse-rider culture»; correlation between ethno-linguistic and archaeological data; using of historical records for interpretation of excavated relics; the routes of ancient migrations etc. As a result, this review of ancient past of Japan obviously demonstrates that so called isolation of insular population had quiet relative character. During thousands and thousands years, islanders came into contacts with bearers of different cultures of Eurasian mainland and island part of it, as well. The result of these permanent cultural exchanges served as foundation for creation of Japanese ethnos. In certain periods the contacts were more intensive along Northern, or Southern routes; the most significant way went through Korean Peninsula. For Siberian archaeologists the matter of special interest is represented by the finds of early ceramics on Honshu and in East Amur area; by analogies between cultures of Archipelago and Maritime regions of Russia (including Sakhalin and Kuril Islands) in Early Iron Age; by similarities between «Old-kurgans’ culture» at Japan and those in Central Asia. In selection of published materials for this review the preference was given to those available for teachers and students in the universities’ libraries or through free Internet access (published mostly in Russian and English as working languages).

scholarly journals Archaeological investigations on the Süttő plateau in 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 527-539
Author(s):  
Zoltán Czajlik ◽  
Katalin Novinszki-Groma ◽  
László Rupnik ◽  
András Bödőcs ◽  
Eszter Fejér ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research Project ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Archaeological Sciences

The Early Iron Age site complex of Süttő is located on a loess plateau on the right bank of the Danube. After a long history of research of the Early Iron Age fortified settlement, tumulus groups and flat cemetery, between 2013–2017, some pioneer investigations were carried out using non-invasive methods. In 2018, members of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University and the Archaeological Heritage Protection Directorate of the Hungarian National Museum conducted an interdisciplinary research project (archaeological excavation, geophysical measurements, metal detecting survey, systematic field walking, geological drilling) on the plateau in the framework of the Interreg DTP Iron Age Danube project. As a result of intensive research, it became clear that aside from the Early Iron Age necropolis, the eastern part of the plateau was used as a burial site in the Early Bronze Age, as a settlement in the Late Bronze Age, and we must consider the existence of a Late Iron Age settlement in this area as well.

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