Les cerf - le canthare - les quatre fleuves du Paradis dans la mosaïque chretienne de Tunisie. Les catechumenes et le Bapteme / Les fideles et l’Eucharistie : une contribution a l’iconongraphie paleochretienne d’Occident

The figures of deer, of kantharos (cantharus), and the four rivers of Paradise are all part of a rich catalog of early Christian iconography in Tunisia. We often find this iconography in the mosaics of baptisteries, as well as mosaics in the basilicas. The presence of such iconographic figures in all Tunisia, whether in prominent basilicas or in small rural churches reflects the unity of the Christian faith throughout the territory, as well as the firmness of the Christian traditions that came from the East. In this article, we will first explain the spiritual and Christian signification of these iconographic figures and afterwards we will present the models in mosaics found in Tunisia within their archeological context. Las figuras de los ciervos, del cántaro y de los cuatro ríos del Paraíso son parte del rico repertorio de la iconografía paleocristiana en Túnez. Estas imágenes plasmadas especialmente en mosaicos, las encontramos frecuentemente en contexto bautismal como decoración de pavimento, y en contexto eucarístico decorando el suelo de las basílicas cristianas. La presencia de estas imágenes iconográficas en Túnez, ya sea en las grandes basílicas como en las pequeñas iglesias rurales, muestra la unidad de la fe católica en todo el territorio como también la solidez de las tradiciones cristianas heredadas de Oriente. Este artículo explicaremos primero el significado espiritual de estas figuras y luego presentaremos los ejemplares que la arqueología ha encontrado en las distintas regiones de Túnez. Les représentations de cerfs, de kantharos (cantharus) et des quatre fleuves du Paradis font partie d’un riche répertoire dans l’iconographie ancienne tunisienne. Souvent, ces représentations iconographiques se retrouvent dans les mosaïques des baptistères ainsi que dans les celles des basiliques. La présence de ces types d’images dans toute la Tunisie, que ce soit dans de grandes basiliques ou dans de petites églises rurales, reflète l’unité de la foi chrétienne sur tout le territoire, ainsi que la force des traditions chrétiennes venues d’Orient. Dans cet article, nous expliquerons d’abord la signification spirituelle et chrétienne de ce style de décoration,que nous appuierons à travers des modèles dans les mosaïques trouvés en Tunisie dans leur contexte archéologique

Military clergy reorganization in the Paul’s I of Russia military reform

The article examines an important historical stage in the development of military clergy. During this period, effective systems of military administration, training and recruitment and social protection of its members were established. In the process of the Emperor Paul's reform the military clergy acquired the features of a political institution. This was manifested in the active intervention of the state in the managerial system of the clergy. And the head of the military priests becomes the ober-priest of the Russian army and navy. A system of candidates selection for the positions of military priests has been built. A specialized educational institution was established for recruiting military clergy from the children of military clergy - the Army Seminary. After leaving the military department, martial ober-priests are provided with places in urban parishes, and martial priests are appointed to the rural churches of the dioceses from which they came to serve. A pension was introduced for the military clergy who were unable to continue serving because of age or illness. The military clergy were extracted from the subordination of the Holy Synod. And in the person of the ober-priest it was subordinated to the highest political leadership. As a result, the organization of the military clergy, which was optimal from the point of view of military-political management and effective use, was integrated into the military organization of the state. But this came into conflict with the canonical church norms and the position of the holy synod. After the tragic death of emperor Paul, this organization was largely dismantled.

Assessing the Church of England’s Leadership Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Listening to the Voice of Rural Lay People

The aim of the present study is to analyse the qualitative text written on the back page of a quantitative survey concerned with the Church of England’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Of the 1460 rural lay people in England who took part in the Coronavirus, Church & You survey, 501 wrote further (sometimes detailed) comments on the back page (34 per cent participation rate). This study analyses the comments made by a subsection of these 501 rural lay people, specifically the 52 participants who voiced their views on how the Church of England’s leadership responded during the first four months of the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysis identified a number of issues and concerns, including: a lack of quality leadership, comparing with other Churches, becoming irrelevant, centralizing action, closing rural churches, neglecting rural people, neglecting rural clergy, marginalizing rural communities, using the kitchen table, and looking to the future. Overall, rural lay people were disappointed with the response of church leadership to the first national lockdown. If these churchgoers are to be fruitfully reconnected with their churches after the pandemic, then leadership of the Church of England may need to hear and to take seriously their concerns.

New Urbanization and the Changes of Christian Churches in County Towns and Rural Areas Taking L County in Central Henan as an Example

Since the reform and opening up, China has been developing through the stages of old urbanization and new urbanization. In recent years, with the rise of county economy? the new urbanization centered on county towns> as an important way to promote the urbanization of the population transferred from rural areas,has played a significant role in the changes of Christianity in urban and rural areas. Based on the ease study of L County in central Henan, this paper analyzes the new trend of the flow of Christian believers and the changes of churches in county towns and rural areas from five aspects： number and population characteristics of Christian believers? church activities and participation of Christian believers>theological personnel training? theological construction and finantial offerings. The study finds that the gap between urban and rural churches has further widened, the uprooted settlement of immigrant in county towns has led to a sharp drop in the number of rural Christian believers>a growing aging population>single and simplified church activities> the lost of theological talents> the rc-cmcrgcncc of heretical cults in rural areas, and shrinking finantial offerings. ’I'hc decline and fall of rural churches has become a general trend. Although the development of urban churches is on the rise as a whole> it also faces many challenges and difficulties.

Heritage Church Conservation In Rural Southern Ontario: An analysis Of Outcomes In Three Rural Municipalities

Across Ontario, churches are closing their doors as congregants and clergy members decline. These closures leave a number of surplus churches that face abandonment, demolition or re-use. Retaining surplus churches presents a challenge for heritage planners and communities who wish to conserve these unique, aging, landmarks. While a great deal has been written on the challenges of church conservation in urban areas, very little is known about the pattern of church conservation in rural areas. In this study, Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist and United Churches are inventoried in the municipalities of Chatham-Kent, Prince Edward County and the City of Kawartha Lakes to determine the most common outcome of former rural churches. The findings show that adaptive re-use is by far the most common outcome, followed by demolition and vacancy. In addition, the findings indicate low municipal heritage designation rates among rural churches even though they represent some of the oldest architectural landmarks in Ontario. This study calls on heritage planners and communities to plan for the future of their rural religious heritage to ensure that churches of historic and community value are both conserved and re-used for future generations to come.

Heritage Church Conservation In Rural Southern Ontario: An analysis Of Outcomes In Three Rural Municipalities

Across Ontario, churches are closing their doors as congregants and clergy members decline. These closures leave a number of surplus churches that face abandonment, demolition or re-use. Retaining surplus churches presents a challenge for heritage planners and communities who wish to conserve these unique, aging, landmarks. While a great deal has been written on the challenges of church conservation in urban areas, very little is known about the pattern of church conservation in rural areas. In this study, Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist and United Churches are inventoried in the municipalities of Chatham-Kent, Prince Edward County and the City of Kawartha Lakes to determine the most common outcome of former rural churches. The findings show that adaptive re-use is by far the most common outcome, followed by demolition and vacancy. In addition, the findings indicate low municipal heritage designation rates among rural churches even though they represent some of the oldest architectural landmarks in Ontario. This study calls on heritage planners and communities to plan for the future of their rural religious heritage to ensure that churches of historic and community value are both conserved and re-used for future generations to come.

„Maestri muratori” și constructori transilvăneni, în cadrul programului arhitectural al „Episcopiei Greco-Catolice Gherla”, în perioada 1853-1918

"“Maestri muratori” and Transylvanian builders, within the architectural program of the “Greek Catholic Episcopate Gherla” between 1853 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century, in Transylvania there was a demand for specialized labor, on construction sites such as the construction of railways, the construction of roads and bridges for which Italians came from areas with a recognized constructive tradition, such as those in the Trentino area, are encouraged and supported by the Austrian administration to emigrate. The Italian emigrants in Transylvania, mostly working in the field of construction, were a community poor in resources, but rich in human resources and entrepreneurship. In the alternative, these Italian builders, “master builders”, permanently established in Transylvania will contract smaller construction sites, proposals of wealthier rural parish communities, the case of former border villages able to financially support more elaborate constructions, morpho-stylistically and decoratively, regulated under the umbrella of the same imperial restrictions under which it was built in all Austrian provinces of the period. In the absence of relevant archival data on the paternity of the buildings discussed here, the priority tool of this study to identify the collaboration of Italian “master builders” is the stylistic investigation based on the certainty of their presence in the context of three church buildings related to the reference period: from Cășeiu, built by Antonio Baizero from Udine, the Roman Catholic church from Ileanda, built by Italian emigrants to serve their religious service and the church from Livada (Dengeleag), built by Lorenzo Zottich, possibly belonging to a second generation of emigrant builders Italians in Transylvania. All these constructions have common stylistic features, integrated into one of the three representative categories, identified within the “Greek Catholic Episcopate of Gherla”, namely the most elaborate architectural model agreed by the Austrian authorities: rural churches with a single tower on the facade, tower with a neoclassical baroque-inspired profiling that also involves the most complex local level of labor of the moment. In the context of the lack of relevant archival data on the constructive paternity in most of these buildings, the identification of the presence and participation of Italian builders on construction sites within the “Greek Catholic Diocese of Gherla” uses as main study tool, stylistic analysis of monuments, which results in the launch of hypotheses meant to be validated in the future through applied studies by the archive. Morpho-constructive characteristics similar to the churches in Cășeiu, Ileanda, Livada (Dengeleag) crowned by the presence of the neo-baroque tower, the corrugated cornice that integrates decorative clocks, with a high level of difficulty in terms of construction, indicate a possible presence of Italian emigrant builders: Orman, Cluj County (1865-1867), Livada - Dindeleag, Cluj County (1868), Buciumi, Sălaj County (1872), Rus, Sălaj County (1890-1894), Poieni, Cluj County (1892), Apahida (1892), Borșa (1900), Dobricul Mare, Bistrița Năsăud county (1902), Sâncraiu Almașului, Sălaj county (1902), Agrieș, Bistrița Năsăud county (1905-1906), Șieu Cristur (1906), Bistrița Năsăud county, Lunca Ilvei (1906-1910), Bistrița Năsăud county, Chizeni (1910), Bistrița Năsăud county, Urișor (inc. 1910), Cluj county, Rohia, Maramureș county (1911), Church from Sașa (1907-1911), Alba county, Diviciorii Mici, Cluj county, (1912), Surduc, Sălaj county (1913), Câțcău, Cluj county (1914). However, the final demonstration remains to be validated following documented related archival studies. Keywords: Italian emigrants, Greek catholic architecture, “Greek Catholic Episcopate Gherla”, Greek catholic church from Cășeiu, Italian Roman catholic church in Ileanda, Greek catholic church from Livada (Dengeleag), Lorenzo Zottich, Antonio Baizero da Udine "

ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL CHURCHES OF THE XVIII CENTURY IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The study was carried out at the expense of the State Program of the Russian Federation “Development of Science and Technology” for 2013-2020 in the framework of the Plan of Basic Scientifi c Research of the Ministry of Construction of Russia and the RAASN, topic 1.2.14. The article att empts to analyze a wide range of issues related to the formation of the architecture of rural Orthodox churches in the middle Volga region in the 18th century. The layout, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of the region’s Orthodox churches are considered. The features of the regional religious architecture of the Middle Volga region are revealed. The extensive material of fi eld surveys is presented.