scholarly journals The projected directive construction and object case marking in Finnish

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-190
Author(s):  
Yrjö Lauranto
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
The One ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Action Verbs

This article examines object case marking in a Finnish verb structure called the Projected Directive Construction, e.g. Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa asked Matti to leave’ (Liisa.NOMINATIVE asked Matti-PARTITIVE leave-INF-ILLATIVE). The PDC is divided into three subtypes. Type A includes verbs such as pyytää ‘to request’, which take a partitive object regardless of the outcome of the action. Verbs used in type B, such as määrätä ‘to order’, take an accusative object despite the result of the action. Type C comprises verbs such as suostutella ‘to persuade’ taking either a partitive or an accusative object, depending on the outcome of the semiotic causation expressed in the clause. The object case marking in the three subtypes reflects the two-faceted nature of the construction: on the one hand, it is a construction used for reporting of speech, on the other, it is a causative construction. It seems that boundedness – as it has traditionally been defined – does not suffice to describe the alternation of the object case in the PDC.Kokkuvõte. Yrjö Lauranto: Projitseeritud direktiivsed konstruktsioonid ja objekti käände markeerimine soome keeles. Artiklis käsitletakse objekti käänet soome keele projitseeritud direktiivses konstruktsioonis (PDK), nt Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa palus Matit ära minna’. PDK võib jagada kolme alltüüpi. Tüüp A sisaldab verbe nagu pyytää ‘paluda’, mis nõuavad partitiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemusest. Tüüp B verbid nagu määrätä ‘käskida’ nõuavad akusatiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemuslikkusest. Tüüpi C kuuluvad verbid nagu suostutella ‘veenda’, mis võivad võtta nii partitiivse kui akusatiivse objekti, sõltuvalt lausega väljendatud semiootilise põhjustatuse tulemusest. Kolme alltüübi käändemarkeering peegeldab konstruktsiooni kahetist olemust: ühelt poolt kasutatakse konstruktsiooni kõne vahendamiseks, teiselt poolt on tegemist kausatiivse konstruktsiooniga. Seega ei piisa PDK objekti käändevahelduse selgitamiseks vaid piiritletuse mõistest.Võtmesõnad: objekti käände markeerimine; piiritletus; akusatiiv; partitiiv; kõne ja mõtete vahendamine; projitseerimine; kausatiivne konstruktsioon; soome keel

scholarly journals Crossings and Nestings in Set Partitions of Classical Types

10.37236/392 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rubey ◽  
Christian Stump
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Set Partition ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In this article, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections for types $B$ and $C$ that interchange crossings and nestings, which generalize a construction by Kasraoui and Zeng for type $A$. On the other hand we generalize a bijection to type $B$ and $C$ that interchanges the cardinality of a maximal crossing with the cardinality of a maximal nesting, as given by Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley and Yan for type $A$. For type $D$, we were only able to construct a bijection between non-crossing and non-nesting set partitions. For all classical types we show that the set of openers and the set of closers determine a non-crossing or non-nesting set partition essentially uniquely.

A Hypothesis on the Origin of Old Chinese Pharyngealization (上古漢語咽化聲母來源的一個假設)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) ◽  
William H. Baxter (白一平)
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Surface Constraint ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
The One

It is proposed that oc pharyngealized onset consonants—that is, ‘type-A’ onset consonants—arose out of Proto-Sino-Tibetan plain consonants followed by geminate vowels separated by a pharyngeal fricative. When the first copy of the geminate vowel fell, the initial consonants formed clusters with the pharyngeal fricative, evolving into the oc pharyngealized consonants we reconstruct. In the Kuki-Chin branch of Tibeto-Burman, the pharyngeal fricative fell, and long vowels resulted. This proposal supposes a statistical correlation between Kuki-Chin long vowels and oc type-A words on the one hand, and between Kuki-Chin short vowels and oc type-B words on the other, as originally proposed by S. Starostin. A significant statistic bearing on forty-three probable Chinese-Kuki-Chin cognates supports this correlation. Thus reconstructed, a precursor language of Proto-Sino-Tibetan was aligned with Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Austroasiatic in exhibiting a surface constraint against monomoraic free words: by that constraint, the vowel of an underlying monosyllable was realized as a geminate with an intervening parasitic consonant such as a glottal stop or a pharyngeal fricative, while the vowels of a disyllable remained nongeminate. After reduction of disyllables to monosyllables, this process resulted in a pharyngealized vs. nonpharyngealized consonant distinction in oc. 論文提出對上古漢語咽化聲母（即“A類聲母”）來源的一個假設，認為咽化聲母來源於原始漢藏語的無標記輔音，並且此無標記輔音後跟隨著由咽部擦音[ʕ]分割的雙胞元音（geminate vowels）。在雙胞元音的前半部分脫落後，輔音聲母跟咽部擦音形成了複輔音。新形成的複輔音最終演變為上古漢語的咽化聲母。而在藏緬語庫基-欽（Kuki-Chin）語支中，則是咽化擦音脫落，使雙胞元音變為長元音。本文解釋了漢語與庫基-欽語中一個統計學的顯著相關性：一方面，庫基-欽語含長元音的詞與上古漢語含A類聲母的詞呈顯著相關；另一方面，庫基-欽語含短元音的詞與上古漢語含B類聲母的詞呈顯著相關，正如斯塔羅金（S. Starostin）所說。據此構擬，我們提出原始漢藏語、原始南島語與原始南亞語中的一個共同限制（constraint）：禁止在語流中出現單音拍（monomoraic）詞。在這一限制的作用下，單音節詞的單元音發生了雙胞化（germination），雙胞元音中間插入了喉塞音或咽部擦音之類的次聲輔音。而同時，雙音節詞的元音無變化。漢語經過雙音節詞的單音節化，就形成了無標記輔音與咽化輔音的音位對立。(This article is in English.)

The Dual Character of the Beaker Invasion

Antiquity ◽  
1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (20) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Type B ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
Type C ◽  
The One ◽  
The Bronze Age

In his classic work on the Bronze Age pottery of Britain the late Lord Abercromby adopted the old division of the class of beaker pottery into three types originally proposed by Dr Thurnam as far back as 1871. In order that Abercromby may not be misrepresented I propose to quote the essential portions of his definitions. In type A, the ‘ high-brimmed globose beaker ’, ‘ the body is more or less globular ; the upper part, separated from the body by a constriction, frequently very defined, spreads out like the calyx of a flower and forms a brim or neck that almost equals the body in height. The sides of the neck or rim . . . are straight and not recurved at the lip ’. In type B, the ‘ ovoid beaker with recurved rim ’, ‘ there is no distinct demarca- tion between the body and the rim, but the one glides into the other by a gradual curve ’. Finally type C, the ‘ low-brimmed beaker ’, ‘ may be regarded ’, in Abercromby's own words, ‘ as a debased variety of our first type ’.It should be clear already I think that in labelling his types A, B, and C Abercromby has given the false impression that we have three types of beákers, whereas what we really have are two types, of which one has a ‘debased variety’. We therefore suggest that a less misleading classification would be, for instance, A(x), A(Y), and B. This may seem a trifling point but we believe it has helped to obscure the proper recognition of the true dual character of the Beaker invasion of this country. We propose to substantiate the validity of our suggestion in the course of this short paper.

scholarly journals Crossings and nestings in set partitions of classical types

2010 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rubey ◽  
Christian Stump
Keyword(s):  
Nous Avons ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Set Partition ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Nous Montrons ◽  
International Audience ◽  
The One

International audience In this extended abstract, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections for types $B$ and $C$ that interchange crossings and nestings, which generalize a construction by Kasraoui and Zeng for type $A$. On the other hand we generalize a bijection to type $B$ and $C$ that interchanges the cardinality of a maximal crossing with the cardinality of a maximal nesting, as given by Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley and Yan for type $A$. For type $D$, we were only able to construct a bijection between non-crossing and non-nesting set partitions. For all classical types we show that the set of openers and the set of closers determine a non-crossing or non-nesting set partition essentially uniquely. Dans ce résumé, nous étudions des bijections entre diverses classes de partitions d'ensemble de types classiques qui préservent les "openers'' et les "closers''. D'une part, nous présentons des bijections pour les types $B$ et $C$ qui échangent croisées et emboôtées, qui généralisent une construction de Kasraoui et Zeng pour le type $A$. D'autre part, nous généralisons une bijection pour le type $B$ et $C$ qui échange la cardinalité d'un croisement maximal avec la cardinalité d'un emboîtement maximal comme il a été fait par Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley et Yan pour le type $A$. Pour le type $D$, nous avons seulement construit une bijection entre les partitions non croisées et non emboîtées. Pour tout les types classiques, nous montrons que l'ensemble des "openers'' et l'ensemble des "closers'' déterminent une partition non croisées ou non emboîtées essentiellement de façon unique.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Morphology, Colonial Appearance, Agglutinability, and Virulence to Mice of Certain Variants of Bacterium aertrycke

1930 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Smooth Form ◽  
Type D ◽  
Virulent Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

1. Analysis of a series of 135 strains of B. aertrycke indicates that at least four well-defined types may be recognised on the basis of morphology, colonial formation, virulence to mice, and to a less extent agglutination by salt, serum, and acids. These types comprise: (i) type A—the normal smooth virulent form; (ii) type B—a smooth form of low virulence; (iii) type C—a roughish, so-called ichthyotic, form of low virulence; (iv) type D—the really rough avirulent form. Between these well-defined types certain transitional forms may sometimes be recognised, the virulence of which is frequently of an order intermediate between that of the A type on the one hand, and the B, C, or D types on the other.2. Evidence is brought to show that if a virulent strain is sub-cultured daily, under conditions known to lead to a fall in virulence of the whole culture, a gradual replacement occurs of the virulent type A bacilli by the avirulent B, C or D types. So long as an adequate proportion, which is very small, of type A bacilli persists in the culture the virulence of the whole culture remains fairly high; but when all type A bacilli have been replaced by bacilli of the B, C or D types the virulence of the whole culture falls considerably.

Anatomie, histologie et affinités de l'appareil séricigène des Hersilia Sav. et Aud. (Araneae: Hersiliidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Kovoor
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Silk Glands ◽  
Single Protein

Although hersiliid spiders do not spin any webs, their silk glands, which belong to six types, are large and complex. Two groups of ampullate glands, one opening on the anterior spinnerets and the other on the median spinnerets, secrete two proteins each. About 180 pyriform glands are clearly bipartite. Over 200 type A aciniform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets are made up of three categories of secretory cells. Silk from these glands consists of two proteins (core and outer coat) joined together by an intermediary layer of acidic glycoprotein. All the 160 type B aciniform glands opening on the posterior spinnerets secrete a single protein. Fifty tubuliform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets produce two proteins, one of which is coloured. As in Urocteinae, long posterior spinnerets and large, numerous aciniform and tubuliform glands are correlated with swathing of prey and egg-cocoon construction. In Lycosidae and Agelenidae, the ampullate glands show the same number and distribution according to the spinnerets. However, anatomical and histochemical features of hersiliid aciniform and ampullate glands are close to those of some Araneoidea. Apart from peculiar characteristics, silk glands of Hersilia might represent an intermediate evolutionary stage towards Araneoidea.

Secondary High Tones in Koshikijima Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Haruo Kubozono
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
The South ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
South Of Japan ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract This paper examines the nature and behavior of secondary H(igh) tones in Koshikijima Japanese, a highly endangered dialect spoken on three small, remote islands in the south of Japan. This dialect generally has a mora-counting prosodic system with two distinctive accent types/classes (Type A and Type B), and displays two H tones, primary and secondary, in words of three or more moras: The primary H tone appears on the penultimate and final moras in Type A and Type B, respectively, whereas the secondary H tone occurs at the beginning of the word redundantly. Koshikijima Japanese displays regional variations with respect to the secondary H tone, particularly regarding its domain/position, its (in)dependence on the primary H tone, its interaction with the syllable, and its behavior in postlexical phonology. This paper examines how the secondary H tone behaves differently in three distinct accent systems of the dialect: (i) the system described by Takaji Kamimura eighty years ago, (ii) the one that is found quite extensively on the islands today, including Kamimura’s native village (Nakakoshiki) and Teuchi Village, and (iii) the system observed in Kuwanoura Village today. Comparing the three accent systems, this paper also proposes historical scenarios to account for the different behaviors of the secondary H tone across time and space.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Roberto Andrade Dantas ◽  
Fulvio Vittorino ◽  
Kai Loh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

The infrared spectrum of di-imide near 7.6 μm

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
K-E. J. Hallin ◽  
J. W. C. Johns ◽  
A. Trombetti
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectrum ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Type A ◽  
Phase Spectrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Presence ◽  
Torsional Mode ◽  
Bending Mode ◽  
Type C

The gas phase spectrum of N2H2 has been investigated in the region of 7.6 μm at a resolution of about 0.06cm−1. Two bands have been identified; one, near 1288 cm−1, is a type C band and must correspond to ν4 (the hitherto unidentified Au torsional mode), and the other, near 1317 cm−1, is a type A–B hybrid and corresponds to ν6 (the Bu bending mode). Analysis of the spectrum is complicated by the simultaneous presence of strong A-type and B-type Coriolis interactions which couple the observed levels.

Judgments of Grammatically by Normal and Language-Disordered Children

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Z. Liles ◽  
Martin D. Shulman ◽  
Susan Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Type A ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Type C

Fifteen linguistically normal children and 15 linguistically deviant children were presented with three types of agrammatical sentences. The subjects were asked to judge the sentences as right or wrong and to change the sentences judged as wrong, rendering them correct. The three types of agrammatical sentences represented rule violations of syntactic agreement (Type A), lexical restrictions (Type B), and word order (Type C). The two groups of children were compared in terms of the number of sentences of each type that were recognized as agrammatical. Those productions which represented the child’s correction of agrammatical sentences were subjected to descriptive analyses (percentages) with specific reference to the number of attempted changes and the number of those changes which demonstrated corrections of the specific deviation from well formedness. Results indicated that the two groups of subjects were significantly different in their ability to recognize grammatical errors in sentence Types A and C, but did not differ in their ability to recognize errors in sentence Type B. The descriptive comparison of the groups' verbal corrections reflected this trend, in that the language-disordered subjects made corrections specific to the error on more of the Type B sentences (for example, “The dog writes the food.”) than on Types A (for example, “'She will pick some flowers last week.”) or C (for example, “Get and come your dinner.”). Linguistically normal children accurately corrected 90.7% of the sentences judged as agrammatical; this percentage did not vary more than 1% across sentence types.

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