Secondary High Tones in Koshikijima Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Haruo Kubozono
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
The South ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
South Of Japan ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract This paper examines the nature and behavior of secondary H(igh) tones in Koshikijima Japanese, a highly endangered dialect spoken on three small, remote islands in the south of Japan. This dialect generally has a mora-counting prosodic system with two distinctive accent types/classes (Type A and Type B), and displays two H tones, primary and secondary, in words of three or more moras: The primary H tone appears on the penultimate and final moras in Type A and Type B, respectively, whereas the secondary H tone occurs at the beginning of the word redundantly. Koshikijima Japanese displays regional variations with respect to the secondary H tone, particularly regarding its domain/position, its (in)dependence on the primary H tone, its interaction with the syllable, and its behavior in postlexical phonology. This paper examines how the secondary H tone behaves differently in three distinct accent systems of the dialect: (i) the system described by Takaji Kamimura eighty years ago, (ii) the one that is found quite extensively on the islands today, including Kamimura’s native village (Nakakoshiki) and Teuchi Village, and (iii) the system observed in Kuwanoura Village today. Comparing the three accent systems, this paper also proposes historical scenarios to account for the different behaviors of the secondary H tone across time and space.

scholarly journals Crossings and Nestings in Set Partitions of Classical Types

10.37236/392 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rubey ◽  
Christian Stump
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Set Partition ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In this article, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections for types $B$ and $C$ that interchange crossings and nestings, which generalize a construction by Kasraoui and Zeng for type $A$. On the other hand we generalize a bijection to type $B$ and $C$ that interchanges the cardinality of a maximal crossing with the cardinality of a maximal nesting, as given by Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley and Yan for type $A$. For type $D$, we were only able to construct a bijection between non-crossing and non-nesting set partitions. For all classical types we show that the set of openers and the set of closers determine a non-crossing or non-nesting set partition essentially uniquely.

A Hypothesis on the Origin of Old Chinese Pharyngealization (上古漢語咽化聲母來源的一個假設)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) ◽  
William H. Baxter (白一平)
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Surface Constraint ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
The One

It is proposed that oc pharyngealized onset consonants—that is, ‘type-A’ onset consonants—arose out of Proto-Sino-Tibetan plain consonants followed by geminate vowels separated by a pharyngeal fricative. When the first copy of the geminate vowel fell, the initial consonants formed clusters with the pharyngeal fricative, evolving into the oc pharyngealized consonants we reconstruct. In the Kuki-Chin branch of Tibeto-Burman, the pharyngeal fricative fell, and long vowels resulted. This proposal supposes a statistical correlation between Kuki-Chin long vowels and oc type-A words on the one hand, and between Kuki-Chin short vowels and oc type-B words on the other, as originally proposed by S. Starostin. A significant statistic bearing on forty-three probable Chinese-Kuki-Chin cognates supports this correlation. Thus reconstructed, a precursor language of Proto-Sino-Tibetan was aligned with Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Austroasiatic in exhibiting a surface constraint against monomoraic free words: by that constraint, the vowel of an underlying monosyllable was realized as a geminate with an intervening parasitic consonant such as a glottal stop or a pharyngeal fricative, while the vowels of a disyllable remained nongeminate. After reduction of disyllables to monosyllables, this process resulted in a pharyngealized vs. nonpharyngealized consonant distinction in oc. 論文提出對上古漢語咽化聲母（即“A類聲母”）來源的一個假設，認為咽化聲母來源於原始漢藏語的無標記輔音，並且此無標記輔音後跟隨著由咽部擦音[ʕ]分割的雙胞元音（geminate vowels）。在雙胞元音的前半部分脫落後，輔音聲母跟咽部擦音形成了複輔音。新形成的複輔音最終演變為上古漢語的咽化聲母。而在藏緬語庫基-欽（Kuki-Chin）語支中，則是咽化擦音脫落，使雙胞元音變為長元音。本文解釋了漢語與庫基-欽語中一個統計學的顯著相關性：一方面，庫基-欽語含長元音的詞與上古漢語含A類聲母的詞呈顯著相關；另一方面，庫基-欽語含短元音的詞與上古漢語含B類聲母的詞呈顯著相關，正如斯塔羅金（S. Starostin）所說。據此構擬，我們提出原始漢藏語、原始南島語與原始南亞語中的一個共同限制（constraint）：禁止在語流中出現單音拍（monomoraic）詞。在這一限制的作用下，單音節詞的單元音發生了雙胞化（germination），雙胞元音中間插入了喉塞音或咽部擦音之類的次聲輔音。而同時，雙音節詞的元音無變化。漢語經過雙音節詞的單音節化，就形成了無標記輔音與咽化輔音的音位對立。(This article is in English.)

scholarly journals The projected directive construction and object case marking in Finnish

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-190
Author(s):  
Yrjö Lauranto
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
The One ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Action Verbs

This article examines object case marking in a Finnish verb structure called the Projected Directive Construction, e.g. Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa asked Matti to leave’ (Liisa.NOMINATIVE asked Matti-PARTITIVE leave-INF-ILLATIVE). The PDC is divided into three subtypes. Type A includes verbs such as pyytää ‘to request’, which take a partitive object regardless of the outcome of the action. Verbs used in type B, such as määrätä ‘to order’, take an accusative object despite the result of the action. Type C comprises verbs such as suostutella ‘to persuade’ taking either a partitive or an accusative object, depending on the outcome of the semiotic causation expressed in the clause. The object case marking in the three subtypes reflects the two-faceted nature of the construction: on the one hand, it is a construction used for reporting of speech, on the other, it is a causative construction. It seems that boundedness – as it has traditionally been defined – does not suffice to describe the alternation of the object case in the PDC.Kokkuvõte. Yrjö Lauranto: Projitseeritud direktiivsed konstruktsioonid ja objekti käände markeerimine soome keeles. Artiklis käsitletakse objekti käänet soome keele projitseeritud direktiivses konstruktsioonis (PDK), nt Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa palus Matit ära minna’. PDK võib jagada kolme alltüüpi. Tüüp A sisaldab verbe nagu pyytää ‘paluda’, mis nõuavad partitiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemusest. Tüüp B verbid nagu määrätä ‘käskida’ nõuavad akusatiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemuslikkusest. Tüüpi C kuuluvad verbid nagu suostutella ‘veenda’, mis võivad võtta nii partitiivse kui akusatiivse objekti, sõltuvalt lausega väljendatud semiootilise põhjustatuse tulemusest. Kolme alltüübi käändemarkeering peegeldab konstruktsiooni kahetist olemust: ühelt poolt kasutatakse konstruktsiooni kõne vahendamiseks, teiselt poolt on tegemist kausatiivse konstruktsiooniga. Seega ei piisa PDK objekti käändevahelduse selgitamiseks vaid piiritletuse mõistest.Võtmesõnad: objekti käände markeerimine; piiritletus; akusatiiv; partitiiv; kõne ja mõtete vahendamine; projitseerimine; kausatiivne konstruktsioon; soome keel

Fine scale study of major and trace elements in the Fe-Mn nodules from the South China Sea and constraints on their formation processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Guan
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Type A ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Type B ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Mineral Phases

<p>The marine Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules contain relatively high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co and rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY), with a growing economic potential interest in their exploitation. To determinate the metallogenic processes and occurrence phases of the economic metals in the Fe-Mn nodules, we have undertaken high resolution mineralogical and geochemical studies of Fe-Mn nodules collected from the South China Sea (SCS).<br>The whole-rock mineralogical and chemical compositions of the SCS Fe-Mn nodules indicate hydrogenetic origin. The Mn mineral phases mainly are composed of nanocrystalline vernadite with interlayered 10 Å and 7 Å phyllomanganates, such as todorokite, birnessite, and buserite. Fe(-Ti) oxides/hydroxides are intergrown and essentially X-ray amorphous feroxyhyte and goethite. But we recognize two main types of internal microlayers in the SCS Fe-Mn nodules: Layer type A of suboxic diagenetic precipitates with extremely high Mn/Fe ratio and concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, Ba, Li and Mg; Layer type B of oxic hydrogenetic accretions with low fractionation of Mn and Fe and high contents of Co, REY, Ti, Sr and Pb. Furthermore, the elemental mapping indicates that the enrichment of Co and REY mainly associated with Fe mineral phases rather than Mn mineral phases, which are enriched in Mg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Li and Ba. Two mineralization processes and distributions of metals in the individual microlayers respectively are controlled and occurred by the different mineral phases. The increasing occurrence of 10 Å and 7 Å phyllomanganates present in the Layer type A are typically enriched in trace metals such as Ni, Cu, Zn, Li, Ba, and Mg, whereas the metals associated with the Layer type B include Co, Ti, Pb, Sr, REY, which might be carried by the intergrown of Fe(-Ti) oxyhydroxides and vernadite. Thus, hydrogenesis is more beneficial to the enrichment of Fe, Co, Ti, Sr, Pb and REY, while diagenesis is more favorable for the enrichment of Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Li, Ba and Mg during the metallogenic processes of the SCS nodules.</p>

Negative ions and behavior: Impact on mood, memory, and aggression among Type A and Type B persons.

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Baron ◽  
Gordon W. Russell ◽  
Robert L. Arms
Keyword(s):  
Negative Ions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
And Behavior

An extended range for oak wilt and Ceratocystis fagacearum compatibility types in the United States

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1325-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Appel ◽  
C. Frost Drees ◽  
J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Type A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Type B ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Ceratocystis Fagacearum ◽  
Sexual Compatibility ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Multiple Tree

Oak wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, has been found in 31 Texas counties, significantly extending the southern range of the disease in the United States. The 101 isolates obtained from 76 diseased oaks in 22 of those counties were assayed for sexual compatibility using a paired plug or spermatizing technique. There were 51 type A isolates and 44 type B isolates; 6 of the isolates could not be typed. A majority of multiple-tree infection centers contained only one compatibility type and only one diseased tree yielded both compatibility types. The distribution of compatibility types and behavior of C. fagacearum in Texas are consistent with those observed in other states.

Effect of Mixing Technique on Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites Filled Fly Ash Based Geopolymer to Compressive Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 673 ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusrina Mat Daud ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin ◽  
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali ◽  
Azlin Fazlin Osman ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Type A ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Type B ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Epoxy Nanocomposite ◽  
The One ◽  
Dispersion Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron

The effects of mixing approach on compressive, flexural, water absorption properties and morphology of the epoxy nanocomposites incorporating 0 and 3 wt% fly ash-based geopolymer were investigated. The mechanical stirrer with two different type of propeller; four blade (type A) and dissolver (type B) was used to blend the epoxy with the nanoclay and the fly ash-based geopolymer filler. It was found that the epoxy nanocomposite prepared using dissolver propeller (type B) performed higher compressive strength and higher flexural strength as compared to the one prepared using four blade propeller (type A). We postulate that this was due to an improved mixing efficiency and dispersion quality as observed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).

scholarly journals A Tale of Two Afghanistans: Comparative Governance and Insurgency in the North and South

Asian Survey ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-758
Author(s):  
Neil A. Englehart
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
North And South ◽  
Comparative Stability ◽  
Over Time

Afghanistan is often depicted as a failing state, but its failures display distinctive patterns over time and space. Regional variations in governance have been important in shaping the ways the Afghan state has failed and the consequences of these failures. This article argues that a history of better governance in the north facilitated the disarmament of militia warlords and comparative stability. By contrast, the south has a long history of minimal formal governance, creating opportunities for increased Taliban insurgency.

scholarly journals Crossings and nestings in set partitions of classical types

2010 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rubey ◽  
Christian Stump
Keyword(s):  
Nous Avons ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Set Partition ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Nous Montrons ◽  
International Audience ◽  
The One

International audience In this extended abstract, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections for types $B$ and $C$ that interchange crossings and nestings, which generalize a construction by Kasraoui and Zeng for type $A$. On the other hand we generalize a bijection to type $B$ and $C$ that interchanges the cardinality of a maximal crossing with the cardinality of a maximal nesting, as given by Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley and Yan for type $A$. For type $D$, we were only able to construct a bijection between non-crossing and non-nesting set partitions. For all classical types we show that the set of openers and the set of closers determine a non-crossing or non-nesting set partition essentially uniquely. Dans ce résumé, nous étudions des bijections entre diverses classes de partitions d'ensemble de types classiques qui préservent les "openers'' et les "closers''. D'une part, nous présentons des bijections pour les types $B$ et $C$ qui échangent croisées et emboôtées, qui généralisent une construction de Kasraoui et Zeng pour le type $A$. D'autre part, nous généralisons une bijection pour le type $B$ et $C$ qui échange la cardinalité d'un croisement maximal avec la cardinalité d'un emboîtement maximal comme il a été fait par Chen, Deng, Du, Stanley et Yan pour le type $A$. Pour le type $D$, nous avons seulement construit une bijection entre les partitions non croisées et non emboîtées. Pour tout les types classiques, nous montrons que l'ensemble des "openers'' et l'ensemble des "closers'' déterminent une partition non croisées ou non emboîtées essentiellement de façon unique.

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