Foreign policy of Ancient Rome during the period of the kings and the early Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Panischev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Political Center ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic

The monograph is devoted to the foreign policy of Ancient Rome during the period of the kings and the early Republic. The paper draws attention to the fact that at these stages of its development, Rome did not create a state in the modern sense, but rather a Federation, and with a developed self-government of its participants. Thanks to a system of mutually beneficial treaties, Rome became a political center among the peoples of Ancient Italy. At the same time, remnants of tribal relations were preserved in Ancient Rome for a long time. Attention is also paid to the development of military Affairs in Rome. It is noted that in Ancient Rome for a long time there were no defensive walls, which predisposed the Romans to an offensive type of warfare. The Romans created battle tactics that would be consistent with the characteristics of the soldiers ' weapons and would allow for rapid military training among recruits, which provided the Romans with high mobilization capabilities. However, classically represent the soldier in the Lorica of segmentata in the tsarist period was not. An important role in the development of Rome as the center of international politics of Ancient Italy, the center of the Federation was played by the high moral standards postulated by the ancient Roman society and invested in the concept of the Republic. All these diplomatic, ethical, and military features of Ancient Rome combined to determine the success of Roman civilization. However, it is worth noting that the disorganization of these principles caused the fall of Rome. For anyone interested in the historical processes of Ancient Italy and Ancient Rome.

scholarly journals Transformation Lebanon`s foreign policy vector 2011–2017 y.

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (92) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
M. M. Dzera ◽  
R. Y. Pasichnyy ◽  
A. M. Ostapchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Conservative Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic

The place and international position of Lebanon in the world political arena today is changing and transforming under the influence of globalization. Thus, this is not deprive, but changes the vector on the international arena and does not exclude the already acquired conservative character. Prime Minister Tamam Salam, who is the executive of the President of the Republic of Lebanon, is reforming and liberalizing the law and changing the vector of foreign policy. He doing this without leaving the traditions and religious views, also without rejecting the conservative nature of foreign and domestic policies. Although Lebanon is part of the League of Arab States, which is accused of non-democracies, it has a democratic regime for a long time. Balancing the policy of the Lebanese Republic between conservatism, traditionalism, democracy and liberalization makes Lebanon a great country for analysis, since it provides an opportunity to reflect the coexistence of democracy with the stereotyped vision of the “Islamic world”.

III. Nota in materia di deontologia professionale e onorari nella pratica giuridica romana: giuristi, oratori, avvocati

2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-218
Author(s):  
Leo Peppe
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Classical Age

Abstract Note on professional ethics and fees in the Roman legal practice: jurists, orators, advocates. At first sight, there seems to be an accurate terminology for actors of legal assistance in Ancient Rome. Their understanding, however, must be occasionally reassessed in light of the particular context of Roman society in its respective time (such as the relevance of clientela, amicitia, and bureaucracy). Moreover, the legal practice must be analysed to further clarify their understanding. At the end of the Republic and in the Classical Age, the central topics are the links and contradictions between gratuitousness, gratia and remuneration (Cic. off. 2,65,66; D. 50,13). However, there are some actors that are difficult to grasp, such as iuris studiosi. Furthermore, no ideology can be identified concerning an advocate’s duties and countering an unscrupulous practice (Cic. off. 2,51). In Late Antiquity, the notion of key legal professionals grounds on advocati and iuris periti, as can be derived from the Colloquia scholica and in Edictum de pretiis 7,72. This development led to the creeping introduction of a remuneration for the legal profession until its realisation, manifested in Aug. Epist. 153,23.

scholarly journals POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION OF TURKEY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REFERENDUM ON 16 APRIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180
Author(s):  
D. B. MALYSHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Syrian Conflict ◽  
The Military

The article deals with the peculiarities of the transformation of  Turkey in the sphere of internal and foreign policy in the light of the  referendum held on April 16, 2017 on the issue of the extension of  powers of the head of state. The preconditions and consequences of  the transition of Turkey from a parliamentary political system to a presidential one are analyzed, as well as the problem of stability of  the internal political situation in the republic in the conditions of the economic crisis, the unresolved Kurdish problem, the increase  of terrorist threat. In the article the changes in the positioning of Turkey in the international arena appeared after the referendum,  in particular in the relations with the European Union which Turkey  has tried to join for a long time are revealed. Special attention is  paid to the international and political activity of Turkey in the Middle East region and in the Syrian conflict zone where the military  confrontation sparked the activation of radical Islamist movements  and terrorist structures. The evolution of the Turkish approaches to the crisis in Syria is analyzed, the role of Turkey which with Russia  and Iran has become a guarantor of peaceful settlement  within the framework of Astana process is estimated. Based on the  analysis of the peculiarities of the transformation of Turkey as a  regional power a conclusion is made about the postreferendum continuity of the political course in the sphere of internal and foreign policy and that within the framework of the  presidential political system developing in the republic one can  expect greater dynamics in the adoption of economic, political and  international solutions.

In Quest of a Second Boom

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 257-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirzad Azad
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
East Region ◽  
Personal Motivation ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Middle East Region ◽  
Different Parts

In spite of her troubled presidency at home and premature, ignominious exit from power, Park Geun-hye made serious attempts to bolster the main direction of the Republic of Korea’s (ROK) foreign policy toward the Middle East. A collaborative drive for accomplishing a new momentous boom was by and large a dominant and recurring theme in the Park government’s overall approach to the region. Park enjoyed both personal motivation as well as politico-economic justifications to push for such arduous yet potentially viable objective. Although the ROK’s yearning for a second boom in the Middle East was not ultimately accomplished under the Park presidency, nonetheless, the very aspiration played a crucial role in either rekindling or initiating policy measures in South Korea’s orientation toward different parts of a greater Middle East region, extending from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to Morocco.

DEMOCRACY AT THE SERVICE OF FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FREDDIE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Foreign Policy Change ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Apartheid Regime

The article examines the place and role of democracy and human rights in South Africas foreign policy. The author analyzes the process of South Africas foreign policy change after the fall of the apartheid regime and transition to democracy. He gives characteristics of the foreign policy under different presidents of South Africa from 1994 to 2018 and analyzes the political activities of South Africa in the area of peacekeeping and human rights on the African continent.

Receptions of Rome in Debates on Slavery in the U.S.A.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Malamud
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
American Slavery ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Black Struggle ◽  
Roman Antiquity ◽  
Intense Debate

American abolitionists not only invoked the Roman allusions and comparisons employed by the revolutionary generation’s fight for liberty from the British crown, but also adapted or subverted them in service of the black struggle for freedom. Rather than rejecting Roman society outright because it was a slaveholding society—the primal “Roman error” from their perspective—many abolitionists instead deployed figures and images from Roman antiquity in their own struggles against the despotism of chattel slavery. Supporters of emancipation and black civil rights, this chapter shows, thus engaged in an intense debate over the correct reception of ancient Rome with proslavery Southerners, who argued that slavery in both Rome and America enabled liberty and civilization. Bringing the discussion into the present day, this chapter offers a contemporary example of arguments over the correct reception of ancient Rome in relation to American slavery and the American Civil War.

Surviving Troubled Times on the Borders of China: Sheng Shicai as a Successful Warlord in Xinjiang, 1931–34

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhi Ou
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Frontier Region ◽  
Chinese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Early Republican

Abstract Ethnicity, religion, and geopolitics affect historians’ interpretations of the history of Xinjiang, a very chaotic frontier region of China that did not come fully under the control of the People’s Republic of China until recent decades. The case of Sheng Shicai, an early Republican Era Chinese military officer, shows how professional training and, most importantly, the ability to capitalize on emerging opportunities contributed to his military success in Xinjiang from 1931 to 1934. This paper analyzes the Republic of China’s government documents, Sheng and his acquaintances’ memoirs, newspaper articles, and other sources to examine how Sheng applied his military training and employed regional and foreign military forces to win battles in northern Xinjiang. Professional military training helped officers to utilize their resources efficiently and take advantage of their geopolitical situations. Amid numerous talented Chinese military officers, Sheng rose in rank and successfully secured Xinjiang as a part of the Republic of China even when Xinjiang’s geopolitics seemed extremely challenging. This study highlights the value of Sheng’s military prowess, something that the literature has not previously appreciated.

Material Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Freed Slaves ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

Slaves were central to every aspect of Roman society. However¸ they are difficult to identify in the archaeological record. Most were genetically similar to the free population. Unlike slaves in the American ante-bellum South they did not have distinctive residential systems and foodways that can be differentiated archaeologically from those of free persons. Structures related to slavery like market buildings or slave barracks are not easily identified. In contrast, freed slaves, common in ancient Rome are very visible, especially in mortuary monuments. This chapter surveys the extent to which material evidence can shed light on various aspects of the life course of slaves, from enslavement through slave life, to death or manumission.

Economics Of Rome

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Smith
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Roman People ◽  
The Republic

In the terms of this essay we discus the economic and societal shift that would be shown in Roman History, mainly in the vain of economic differences in the Republic and Empire rule of the Roman people. The two events that are compared are the economic strategies in the 2nd Punic War and the Catiline conspiracy, and how the different economic strategies would affect the societal rule of the Roman classes. This also explores the laws that where implemented by the senate and the new tax reforms that would then give the Roman society a new way of life with the raising of taxes and the increased need for Raw materials and chattel.

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