Land taxation as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization

The article considers land taxation as one of the tools to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization. Included land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property and a single tax for agricultural producers as land tax payments has been proposed. It was found that the land fee is the second-largest source of tax revenues to local budgets. It was revealed that during 2009–2020 there is a tendency to increase revenues from land fees to local budgets of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is an increase in rent payments by legal entities and individuals in parallel with a decrease in its share in the payment for land, which is caused by an increase in land tax revenues during the analyzed period by 4.5 times. It was found that the largest amounts of revenues from land fees are payments from legal entities (86–88 % of the total revenues). It was found that the number of revenues from land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property paid by individuals increased 4.5 times, and the number of revenues from similar taxes from legal entities increased 3.6 times. As a result of the study, attention is focused on the fact that since 2015 the payment for land has been transferred from the status of a national tax to a local one. It is proved that to tax the regulation of agricultural land use and promotes the development of agriculture and rural areas in 1998, a fixed agricultural tax was introduced. It was found that the number of receipts of the single tax paid by agricultural producers in 2015 increased 17 times compared to 2014. The sharp increase is caused by the introduction of the annual indexation of the tax base for agricultural enterprises, and a threefold increase in tax rates is justified. To achieve the goals of sustainable development of rural areas, it is proposed to carry out such measures as the application of increasing coefficients for irrational use of agricultural lands, provision of benefits for organic agricultural producers, implementation of the full inventory of agricultural lands, improvement of normative monetary valuation of land use for land and/or the single tax of the fourth group for the implementation of measures for the protection and reproduction of land resources, which will increase employment in rural areas, overcome poverty, develop social infrastructure, ensure the livelihood of rural residents, food, economic and environmental security, reduce destructive effects on the environment, protection and reproduction of natural resource potential.

Economic efficiency of livestock organic waste processing into biонumus

The processing of organic livestock waste into biohumus is one of the direction areas in agribusiness, which contributes to the efficient resource allocation involved while achieving a high level of greening of production. The article presents the results of the study of economic efficiency of extensive form of vermiculture, which is characterized by minimal start-up investment, ease of organization and accessibility for the vast majority of livestock producers, including small farms, as it does not involve additional premises. Compared to intensive technology, which requires indoor heated premises to organize the production of biohumus throughout the year. The need for fixed and working capital for the organization of organic livestock waste processing into compost has been determined. Planning and analysis of costs for the organization of production and sale of vermiculture products. The main technical parameters of the organization of the production process are determined, which will ensure high efficiency of this type of business. Based on the definition of the main indicators of economic efficiency, the expediency of introducing an extensive form of organic livestock waste processing into biohumus is substantiated. According to the research results, it is established that the organization of extensive technology of processing organic livestock waste on compost is more appropriate for small farms in the livestock industry with a limited investment budget. As about 6 million UAH is needed to organize the processing of 2.400 tons of livestock waste. (in 2021 prices) of advanced capital, which is 30–40 % less compared to intensive technology of similar scale. The projected payback period of extensive vermiculture technology will be three years when it reaches 25 % of the level of profitability of sales. Also, the organization of extensive technology for processing animal waste into biohumus requires less time compared to intensive.

Features of the methodology for assessing budget efficiency investment pro-jects

The analysis of current regulations shows that only a few indicators (budgetary effect) are used to assess the budget efficiency of investment projects in Ukraine, and the decision on financing is not made from it. As a result, it is necessary to raise the issue of introducing an additional system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects, which characterize the return on investment of budget funds. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop proposals for improving the methodology for assessing the budget effectiveness of investment projects. The main indicator for assessing the effectiveness of projects that provide state or regional financial support is the budgetary effect. Budget effect is the main indicator of budget efficiency used to justify the decision to finance the project, which is often defined as the difference between inflows and outflows of budget funds, taking into account discounting. The paper proposes to introduce additional indicators to assess the budget efficiency of the investment project, in addition to the payback period of state support. Absolute budget effect. which will be calculated in the form of two indicators: taking into account and without taking into account loans to banks under government guarantees. This calculation is justified, as the budget effect may be understated by including bank loans in the definition of this indicator, while the state budget may not incur costs under its guarantee obligations. Absolute budgetary effect, which characterizes the total amount of funds that the country's budget will receive as a result of the project. Relative budget effect, which characterizes the ratio of budget investments to the investment project and additional revenues to the budget. Budget profitability – shows how many monetary units the project implementation brings per unit of budget funds spent. Due to the fact that this indicator is based on the indicator of the absolute budgetary effect, the calculation of this indicator will be calculated taking into account and without taking into account bank loans issued under government guarantees. The authors have developed some modifications to the calculations for assessing the budget efficiency of investment projects, as well as the calculation of indicators of budget efficiency of projects that characterize the return on investment: absolute budget effect, relative budget effect (indirect and direct), budget profitability.

Formation of the product portfolio of the enterprise

Management decisions on the formation of the product portfolio are traditionally in the field of research of scientists as the relevance questions of the choice of strategic goals of the enterprise involves the justification of marketing and production decisions in optimizing the structure of the product range. The formation of the product portfolio involves certain management actions to work with a particular product (its development, withdrawal or modification) or range of products, taking into account changes in the structure of the portfolio of the enterprise. Today’s market situation creates new requirements for existing approaches to product development; at the same time such efforts must directly take into account the aggregate market and business requirements for reduced lead time, reliable product performance and cost-effective product differentiation. In general, one way to meet the increased demand for product development speed and productivity is to identify multidisciplinary synergies that can be used to increase system efficiency. The main principles that were singled out allow to develop a practical system for decision support which will allow effectively form the product portfolio of the enterprise and develop optimal characteristics of the product and its product range group. The methodology of decision support is based on interdisciplinary integration, which is formed by using the main relationships between optimization and modelling of a product or group of products as well as aspects of product portfolio management. Scientific and methodological approaches in the formation of the company's portfolio were substantiated which allows to determine the optimal ratio between the range of products and product units that are part of them. The LLC “Khodoriv Meat Packing Factory” is one of the leading producers of meat products in Ukraine. Product range was analysed and the method of quantitative evaluation of goods indicators is proposed to factory. The system approach to formation of an optimum commodity portfolio of the enterprise is considered. The analysed of the assortment group of goods and the assessment of the product portfolio of the enterprise by the method of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG). Positioning of strategic business units was carried out. The desired assortment group of goods was selected, which will help the company to achieve its goals. The basic marketing strategies are offered.

Approaches to the analysis of enterprise’s financial state on the example of Cargill Animal Nutrition LLC

The article analyzes the financial statements of Cargill Animal Nutrition LLC, which aims to become a leader in feed production. The urgency of the need to find optimal ways to assess the financial state of enterprises to take the necessary measures in case of instability of the firm is substantiated. The main methods of analysis of financial statements of companies have been identified and substantiated, which will allow agricultural enterprises to analyze their financial state and take measures to optimize their activities. Various approaches have been applied to the analysis of the company's financial position, including horizontal analysis of balance sheet indicators and statement of financial performance, vertical analysis of the balance sheet structure, and coefficient analysis of profitability, liquidity and solvency of the company, with a comprehensive assessment of bankruptcy. Vertical analysis is used to track the structure of a company's assets and liabilities over a period. This analysis makes it possible to draw conclusions about the liquidity and solvency of the company. Horizontal analysis helps to analyze the growth rates of various indicators presented in the financial statements. Finally, the ratio analysis is a system of ratios that allows you to analyze the liquidity, profitability, solvency and investment attractiveness of the company compared to other companies. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the financial state of Cargill EN LLC has improved. In particular, the net profit margin of Cargill EN LLC improved from 3.1 % in 2018 to 10 % in 2020. According to the value of Altman's Z-score, the probability of bankruptcy is very low. Perspective directions of researches in a part of an estimation of the generalized indicator of instability of the company taking into account features of an agro-industrial complex of Ukraine are substantiated.

Methodological approaches to efficiency evaluation foreign economic activity agricultural enterprises

The article is devoted to topical issues of development of existing and establishment of new approaches to the methodology of assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises with the subsequent formation of strategies for its development. Thanks to the successful operation of domestic agricultural enterprises in foreign markets and effective and fruitful cooperation with foreign partners, economic growth of the country as a whole is achieved. Therefore, in modern economic conditions, the increase in foreign economic activity requires a thorough methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. The theoretical and methodological basis of research were the works of leading domestic and foreign economists and the work of leading analysts on the problems and methodology of modeling foreign economic activity, comprehensive approaches based on a combination of economic analysis and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. The following research methods were used in solving the tasks: monographic, analysis and synthesis, expert evaluations, deduction method and abstract-logical. In order to implement the organizational and economic mechanism for determining the foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises, we propose to use a universal method of foreign economic activity analysis and at the micro level in order to compare the obtained calculations to assess trends in the development of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. If an agricultural enterprise is engaged in both exports and imports, then to assess its performance in the foreign market for a certain period can be calculated integrated indicators of foreign trade, which provide for the comparability of results achieved for the whole set of export-import operations at full cost. The initial methodological basis for assessing and analyzing the foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises should be a systematic analysis and a comprehensive, dialectical approach, which necessitates the study of individual elements and the system as a whole in constant motion, change, in the process of constant renewal. This is important not only for understanding the essence of economic categories but also for formulating conclusions on their practical application, making management decisions at different levels of the hierarchical management system in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the substantiation of the methodology, which allows to calculate and fully assess the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of any agricultural enterprise.

Problems of socio-economic development and ways to improve it for rural areas in Lviv region

For a long time the issue of socio-economic development of rural areas, which have their characteristics, has not lost its relevance but also is united by common unsolvable problems that restrict their development in Ukraine. The socio-economic decline of the village can not only reduce economic performance in agriculture but will also have a negative impact on depopulation, environmental deterioration, reduce the efficiency of natural resources, as well as the destruction of the cultural environment. The article presents the results of a study of the socio-economic situation in rural areas, analysis of economic and environmental indicators of the use of agricultural resources in the production of crop and livestock products in villages by different categories of producers. The publication provides information on the profitability of production in agricultural formations from 2010 to 2020. It has been established that the reason for the lack of growth in production in households is the irrational and economically unjustified use of resources and the lack of modern technologies. The publication also reveals the trends in the production output of livestock and crop production by different categories of producers. The indicators of production profitability were analyzed by agricultural enterprises during 2010-2020. The ways and means of improving the situation of using the natural resources by private agricultural enterprises, increasing economic indicators in the rural sector, and increasing production in agricultural enterprises are given. The results of the previous research show the possibilities and prospects for the implementation of the economic potential of rural areas based on the efficient and economically structured governance on the given territories. In addition, in modern realities, there may be an inflow to the mainstream of the investment climate due to the process of decentralization of the local government, receiving investment in the community, and, the increasing of the economy as a result. The research has shown that the development of social and economic infrastructure depends on investment activity.

Analysis of the hotel industry potential of Lviv region. Prospects for the rural hotels development

The hotel industry is one of the most important components of tourism. Its capacity depends on the ability to generate revenue from the full range of tourism services, and, consequently, the success of tourism development at both national and regional levels. Therefore, in this study we would like to assess (1) the hotel sector positioning in the Lviv region by share in the tourist accommodation establishments among the regions of Ukraine; (2) state indicators of Ukraian hotel industry in comparison with similar indicators of the EU member states; (3) the Lviv region position in terms of share in the Ukraine hotel sector among other regions; (4) prospects for the rural hotels development. In the research process we used the systematic review method of scientific publications, Ukrainian legislation, as well as information and analytical materials of international organizations in the tourism field. The hotel sector positioning of Lviv region among other Ukraine regions it is determined on the basis of the studied regions share in the total volume of the country as a whole. The analysis showed that hotels and similar accommodation are the main part of the tourist accommodation establishments potential in the Lviv region. During the study period (2017–2019) the hotel business of Lviv region has a consistently high position among other regions (2nd place). Ranking 2nd in Europe in terms of area, Ukraine ranks 10th in the number of hotels and similar accommodation, and 22nd in the number of beds – among the EU countries, which indicates the insufficient level of the national hotel sector development. The number of hotels in Ukraine is growing slowly. The main reasons for this are: the unstable economic and political situation, the high cost of loans to finance the construction of new hotels, long-term return on investment in hotel real estate and others. The experience of foreign countries with a high level of the hotel sector development shows that state intervention is used to achieve such results. Therefore, in order to develop the hotel sector in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop a program to support it. In particular, in our opinion, fiscal incentives should be introduced (for example, a reduction in the VAT rate for the hotel sector). To increase the tourist flow can be applied the practice of VAT refunds for tourists, reducing VAT rates on passenger transport.

Consisting and prospects of self-sufficiency level increase of the main livestock products in Ukraine

The state food security near-term depends on the balanced development of agriculture on the whole and separate directions of agrarian business, which produce raw material and prepared food for providing necessities of internal market consumption. The agri-food subcomplex of Ukraine is characterized strengthening disadvantages between a plant-grower and livestock. More resources particular branch are concentrated on the production of agricultural cultures of feed and technical value, considerable volume of which Ukraine export for the necessities of other countries, forgetting about needs and possibilities of domestic AIC. In the article conducted analysis of self-sufficiency level on the basic types of livestock products in Ukraine that taking into account influence on forming of national food security. A statement of meat and meat products analysis is conducted after basic kinds, eggs, milk and dairy products in Ukraine during 2018–2019 years. Certainly level of self-sufficiency on the basic livestock products in Ukraine, and also taking into account the rational norms of consumption. It is set as a result of research, that the greatest level of self-sufficiency of the poultry farming products, namely by poultry meat and eggs – 126 %. A production of pig meat volume in Ukraine does not provide the annual fund of consumption, which is compensated thorough import in a volume over 100 thousand ton during 2019 year. Level of self-sufficiency and other types of meat pork, does not exceed 88 %. Deepening of the crisis phenomena is observed in the cattle breeding which is characterized rapid reduction of cows, in particular in the households through low purchase prices on milk and difficult social and demographic processes. Although a production of milk, beef and veal, volume in Ukraine answers the necessities of internal market development, however through annual reduction of cows head in a long-term prospect there will be a deficit of the cattle breeding products, which will be provided through import deliveries that negatively will influence on the state food security. With the purpose of strengthening the food security in Ukraine it is necessary to inculcate the system of measures financial, organizational, economic and technological direction.

The impact of innovations on the efficiency of animal husbandry in Lviv region

Domestic agricultural enterprises do not have a high level of innovation activity, however, stable and competitive operation of an agricultural enterprise is impossible without its innovative activity. Stabilization of the situation in the agricultural sector with the current level of competition and constant technological variables, the innovative vector of development is the driving component of economic growth. Activation of innovation of domestic agricultural enterprises is one of the important prerequisites for stability and sustainable socio-economic development of the country. Consequently, the effective functioning of the livestock industry is possible only under the conditions of systemic and purposeful innovation aimed at finding a variety of new opportunities provided by the business environment. The innovation process in domestic animal husbandry is clearly aimed at the end result - a certain socio-economic, technical or environmental effects. The efficiency of animal husbandry is determined after the introduction of innovation, calculated by the method of evaluation of investment projects. On the example of Lviv region we analyzed the conditions of innovative activity in animal husbandry, assessed the modern innovative potential of the industry, established the features of its innovation and investment activities. SWOT-analysis is an important component of assessing the position of livestock enterprises in the region. It should be recognized that the innovative activity of livestock enterprises is mainly associated with the final stage of the innovation process – the development of innovations. In 2020, farms of all categories of Lviv region compared to 2019 decreased meat production (sales for slaughter of farm animals in live weight) by 1.6 %, milk – by 4.7 %, eggs – by 0.3 %. cattle on farms of all categories on January 1, 2021 amounted to 144.4 thousand heads (including cows – 86.2 thousand heads), pigs – 346.1 thousand heads, poultry – 10.5 million. heads. Compared to January 1, 2020, the number of poultry increased by 5.7 %, pigs – by 4.1 %, the number of cattle decreased by 8.2 % (including cows – by 8.6 %). Innovative activity of the livestock industry is formed under the influence of the domestic innovation system and has its own specifics, which is caused by the peculiarities of agriculture. Most innovative projects are aimed at introducing innovations that contribute to the intensification of animal husbandry and increase the competitiveness of products. Thus, on the basis of innovative development of animal husbandry it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, which will allow Ukrainian producers to achieve significant results in world markets for agricultural products.