The Drugs and Natural Antioxidants as the Components of Anti-radiation Countermeasures during Cosmic Flights

2017 ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
И. Ушаков ◽  
I. Ushakov ◽  
М. Васин ◽  
M. Vasin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Post Radiation ◽  
The Impact

Radiation situation for cosmonauts over long-term cosmic flights is caused by low-rate radiation of galactic cosmic rays and solar cosmic rays consisting of high-energy proton as well as heavy particles (Z>10) within 1-2 % that is exclusively a threat of stochastic radiation effects (small increase of cancer risk and decrease of mean life span) for men. During interplanetary expedition periods the small probability of raised solar activity there is a threat of exposure to astronauts at doses that cause deterministic radiation effects leading to the development of the disease as a clinical manifestation of radiation injuries,. In a similar scenario it is necessary to have available to cosmic ship anti-radiation countermeasures for cosmonaut protection. Among radioprotective equipment can be provided with radiation protective agents and partial shielding of body separate section providing the best condition for post-radiation repair of radiosensitive body tissues. Preparation B-190 (indralin) is the most perspective from a small numbers of other radioprotectors permitting for men administration. Besides high radioprotective efficacy and large broadness of protective action B-190 is well tolerated including the impact of extrem flight factors. Antiemetic agent latran (ondansetron) is most interesting among preparation for prophylaxis and reduction of prodromal radiation reaction. To accelerate post-radiation hematopoietic recovery after raised solar activity an administration of radiomitigators (riboxin et al.) is substantiated. Neupomax (neupogen) is recommended as a preparation for pathogenesis therapy of acute radiation syndrome. Possible consequences of long-term cosmic voyages for oxidative stress development are taken into consideration. On their basis of nNatural antioxidants, preparations and nutrients radiomodulators, fully qualitative nutrition including vegetable food enriched flavonoids, vitamins C, E and carotene potentially prevent a shorten of cosmonaut biological age induced by solar cosmic rays and galactic cosmic rays and stress factors of long-term cosmic voyages. Radiomodulators are low and non-toxic and have not side effects in recommended doses. Their radioprotective effect is directly induced by adaption reaction on cellular and organismic levels through gene expression modulation and in that way the increase of non-specific body tolerance. The implementation of radiomodulator action is possible through hormesis mechanism.

scholarly journals Multi-point galactic cosmic rays measurements between 1 and 4.5 AU over a full Solar cycle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Honig ◽  
Olivier G. Witasse ◽  
Hugh Evans ◽  
Petteri Nieminen ◽  
Erik Kuulkers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Rosetta Mission ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cross Calibration ◽  
Comet 67P

Abstract. The radiation data collected by the Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) aboard ESA missions INTEGRAl, ROSETTA, HERSCHEL, PLANCK and PROBA-1, and by the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) instrument aboard Mars Odyssey are analysed with an emphasis on characterising Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) in the inner heliosphere. A cross-calibration between all sensors was performed for this study, which can also be used in subsequent works. We investigate the stability of the SREM detectors over long-term periods. The radiation data is compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the corresponding solar activity. Based on INTEGRAL and Rosetta SREM data, a GCR helioradial gradient of 2.96 %/AU is found between 1 and 4.5 AU. In addition, the data during the last phase of the Rosetta mission around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko were studied in more detail. An unexpected and yet unexplained 8 % reduction of the Galactic Comic Ray flux measured by Rosetta SREM in the vicinity of the comet is noted.

scholarly journals Solar rotational cycle in lightning activity in Japan during the 18–19th centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Miyahara ◽  
Ryuho Kataoka ◽  
Takehiko Mikami ◽  
Masumi Zaiki ◽  
Junpei Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Solar Rotation ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Lightning Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Rotational Period ◽  
Solar Activity Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Thunderstorm and cloud activities sometimes show a 27-day period, and this has long been studied to uncover a possible important link to solar rotation. Because the 27-day variations in the solar forcing parameters such as solar ultraviolet and galactic cosmic rays become more prominent when the solar activity is high, it is expected that the signal of the 27-day period in meteorological phenomena may wax and wane according to the changes in the solar activity level. In this study, we examine in detail the intensity variations in the signal of the 27-day solar rotational period in thunder and lightning activity from the 18th to the 19th centuries based on 150-year-long records found in old diaries kept in Japan and discuss their relation with the solar activity levels. Such long records enable us to examine the signals of solar rotation at both high and low solar activity levels. We found that the signal of the solar rotational period in the thunder and lightning activity increases as the solar activity increases. In this study, we also discuss the possibility of the impact of the long-term climatological conditions on the signals of the 27-day period in thunder/lightning activities. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (lightning)

scholarly journals Fine and Hyperfine Structure in the Spectrum of Secular Variations of Atmospheric 14C

Radiocarbon ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 704-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E Damon ◽  
Songlin Cheng ◽  
Timothy W Linick
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Ray ◽  
Long Term Trend

The coarse structure of the 14C spectrum consists of a secular trend curve that may be closely fit by a sinusoidal curve with period ca 11,000 yr and half amplitude ±51. This long-term trend is the result of changes in the earth's geomagnetic dipole moment. Consequently, it modulates solar components of the 14C spectrum but does not appear to modulate a component of the spectrum of ca 2300-yr period. The ca 2300-yr period is of uncertain origin but may be due to changes in climate because it also appears in the δ18O spectrum of ice cores. This component strongly modulates the well-known ca 200-yr period of the spectrum's fine structure. The hyperfine structure consists of two components that fluctuate with the 11-yr solar cycle. One component results from solar-wind modulation of the galactic cosmic rays and has a half-amplitude of ca ±1.5. The other component is the result of 14C production by solar cosmic rays that arrive more randomly but rise and fall with the 11-yr cycle and appear to dominate the fluctuation of the galactic cosmic-ray-produced component by a factor of two.

scholarly journals Solar activity and Earth seismicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
Valery Yanchukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Forbush Decreases ◽  
The Relationship

Using the results of continuous long-term observations over 50 years (including solar cycles 20–24), we study the relationship between Earth’s seismicity and solar activity. An increase in the number of strong earthquakes on the planet occurs during the decline phase of solar activity when charged particle fluxes from high-latitude coronal holes increase, as well as during solar minimum when the intensity of galactic cosmic rays reaches a maximum. The change in the number of strong earthquakes (with magnitude 6) is considered in terms of variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays, Forbush decreases, and ground level enhancements in solar cosmic rays (GLE events). The number of strong earthquakes is shown to increase after Forbush decreases with a time lag from ~1 to ~6 days depending on the amplitude of Forbush decrease and after GLE events the number of strong earthquakes increases by ~8 day. In the number of strong earthquakes, a six-month variation is observed, which seems to follow the six-month variation in cosmic rays with a delay of ~1–2 months. It is surmised that the relationship between solar activity and Earth’s seismicity seems to be mediated through the modulation of galactic cosmic rays and atmospheric processes that provoke the occurrence of earthquakes in regions where the situation has already been prepared by tectonic activity.

scholarly journals Solar activity and Earth seismicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Valery Yanchukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Forbush Decreases ◽  
The Relationship

Using the results of continuous long-term observations over 50 years (including solar cycles 20–24), we study the relationship between Earth’s seismicity and solar activity. An increase in the number of strong earthquakes on the planet occurs during the decline phase of solar activity when charged particle fluxes from high-latitude coronal holes increase, as well as during solar minimum when the intensity of galactic cosmic rays reaches a maximum. The change in the number of strong earthquakes (with magnitude 6) is considered in terms of variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays, Forbush decreases, and ground level enhancements in solar cosmic rays (GLE events). The number of strong earthquakes is shown to increase after Forbush decreases with a time lag from ~1 to ~6 days depending on the amplitude of Forbush decrease and after GLE events the number of strong earthquakes increases by ~8 day. In the number of strong earthquakes, a six-month variation is observed, which seems to follow the six-month variation in cosmic rays with a delay of ~1–2 months. It is surmised that the relationship between solar activity and Earth’s seismicity seems to be mediated through the modulation of galactic cosmic rays and atmospheric processes that provoke the occurrence of earthquakes in regions where the situation has already been prepared by tectonic activity.

scholarly journals The high SNR rate in the Galactic Center: origin of the cosmic rays excess?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (S322) ◽  
pp. 210-213
Author(s):  
L. Jouvin ◽  
A. Lemière ◽  
R. Terrier
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Massive Star ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Massive Black Hole ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe center of our Galaxy hosts a Super-Massive Black Hole (SMBH) of about 4 × 106 M⊙. Since it has been argued that the SMBH might accelerate particles up to very high energies, its current and past activity could contribute to the population of Galactic cosmic-rays (CRs). Additionally, the condition in the Galactic Center (GC) are often compared with the one of a starburst system. The high supernovae (SN) rate associated with the strong massive star formation in the region must create a sustained CR injection in the GC via the shocks produced at the time of their explosion.The presence of an excess of very high energy (VHE) cosmic rays in the inner 100 pc of the Galaxy in close correlation with the massive gas complex known as the central molecular zone (CMZ) has been revealed in 2006 by the H.E.S.S. collaboration. Recently, by analysing 10 years of H.E.S.S. data, the H.E.S.S. collaboration confirmed the presence of this extended VHE diffuse emission and deduced a CR density peaked toward the GC. The origin of the CR over-abundance in the GC still remains mysterious: Is it due to a single accelerator at the center or to multiple accelerators filling the region?In order to investigate the presence of these multiple CR accelerators, and in particular the impact of their spatial distribution on the VHE emission morphology, we build a 3D model of CR injection and diffusive propagation with a realistic 3D gas distribution. We discuss the CR injection in the region by a spectral and morphological comparison with H.E.S.S. data.We show that a peaked γ-ray profile towards the GC center is obtained using a realistic SN spatial distribution taking into account the central massive star clusters. The contribution of theses sources cannot be neglected in particular at high longitudes. In order to fit the very central excess observed with H.E.S.S., another central VHE component is probably necessary.

Cosmic rays at ground level; a brief introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Toit Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Secondary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Neutron Monitors ◽  
The Earth

<p>Galactic cosmic rays, and sporadic high energy solar energetic particles, are energetic enough to pierce the Earth’s protective magnetosphere and interact with the atmosphere. Here, a secondary particle cascade leads to enhanced radiation levels which is of importance, for instance, to aviation dosimetry and related studies. At ground level, these secondary particles can be observed (indirectly) by means of neutron monitors, and this has been done for more than 70 years, providing a valuable long-term cosmic ray record. In this talk, we introduce the different primary particle populations, discuss their acceleration and modulation, and connect this with long-term neutron monitor measurements.</p>

Long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays at solar activity minimums

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Gushchina ◽  
A. V. Belov ◽  
V. N. Obridko ◽  
B. D. Shelting
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays
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