scholarly journals MUON INTENSITY VARIATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Valery Yanchukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Observation Level ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Unstable Particles ◽  
Total Temperature ◽  
Muon Intensity ◽  
Very High

Muons in the atmosphere are formed during the decay of pions resulting from nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with nuclei of air atoms. The resulting muons are also unstable particles with a short lifetime. Therefore, not all of them reach the level of observation in the atmosphere. When the atmospheric temperature changes, the distance to the observation level changes too, thus leading to variations in the intensity of muons of temperature origin. These variations, caused by atmospheric temperature variations, are superimposed on continuous observations of muon telescopes. Their exclusion is, therefore, extremely necessary, especially in the data from modern muon telescopes whose statistical accuracy is very high. The contribution of various atmospheric layers to the total temperature effect is not the same for muons. This contribution is characterized by the distribution of the density of temperature coefficients for muons in the atmosphere. Using this distribution and the continuous intensity observations from the muon telescope in Novosibirsk, the inverse problem has been solved, from the solution of which the atmospheric temperature variations over a long period from 2004 to 2011 have been found. The results obtained are compared with aerological sounding data.

scholarly journals MUON INTENSITY VARIATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
Valery Yanchukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Observation Level ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Unstable Particles ◽  
Total Temperature ◽  
Muon Intensity ◽  
Very High

Muons in the atmosphere are formed during the decay of pions resulting from nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with nuclei of air atoms. The resulting muons are also unstable particles with a short lifetime. Therefore, not all of them reach the level of observation in the atmosphere. When the atmospheric temperature changes, the distance to the observation level changes too, thus leading to variations in the intensity of muons of temperature origin. These variations, caused by atmospheric temperature variations, are superimposed on continuous observations of muon telescopes. Their exclusion is, therefore, extremely necessary, especially in the data from modern muon telescopes whose statistical accuracy is very high. The contribution of various atmospheric layers to the total temperature effect is not the same for muons. This contribution is characterized by the distribution of the density of temperature coefficients for muons in the atmosphere. Using this distribution and the continuous intensity observations from the muon telescope in Novosibirsk, the inverse problem has been solved, from the solution of which the atmospheric temperature variations over a long period from 2004 to 2011 have been found. The results obtained are compared with aerological sounding data.

scholarly journals Deriving the solar activity cycle modulation on cosmic ray intensity observed by Nagoya muon detector from October 1970 until December 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 130-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael R. S. de Mendonça ◽  
Carlos. R. Braga ◽  
Ezequiel Echer ◽  
Alisson Dal Lago ◽  
Marlos Rockenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Activity Cycle ◽  
Solar Activity Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Muon Detector ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Muon Intensity

AbstractIt is well known that the cosmic ray intensity observed at the Earth's surface presents an 11 and 22-yr variations associated with the solar activity cycle. However, the observation and analysis of this modulation through ground muon detectors datahave been difficult due to the temperature effect. Furthermore, instrumental changes or temporary problems may difficult the analysis of these variations. In this work, we analyze the cosmic ray intensity observed since October 1970 until December 2012 by the Nagoya muon detector. We show the results obtained after analyzing all discontinuities and gaps present in this data and removing changes not related to natural phenomena. We also show the results found using the mass weighted method for eliminate the influence of atmospheric temperature changes on muon intensity observed at ground. As a preliminary result of our analyses, we show the solar cycle modulation in the muon intensity observed for more than 40 years.

scholarly journals Effective Method for Diagnosing Continuous Welded Track Condition Based on Experimental Research

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2889
Author(s):  
Jacek Kukulski ◽  
Piotr Gołębiowski ◽  
Jacek Makowski ◽  
Ilona Jacyna-Gołda ◽  
Jolanta Żak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Longitudinal Force ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Track Condition ◽  
Very High

The correct operation of the continuous welded track requires diagnosing its condition and preparation of track metrics requiring measurements of displacements of rail under operation. This is required as there are additional thermal stresses in the rails with values depending on the temperature changes of the rails. Therefore, the climatic conditions are important. This paper presents the original effective analytical method for diagnosing the condition of continuous welded track based on experimental research. The method allows for an appropriate repair or maintenance recommendation. In the experimental research, the authors considered track diagnostic conditions for two conditions: track under load and track without load. This paper presents empirical formulas for calculating rail temperature and longitudinal force based on ambient temperature, developed from long-term measurements. The formulas were developed for a track located on a straight section—both for a rail loaded and unloaded with a passing train under the following conditions: 60E1 rail, not on an engineering structure, conventional surface, wooden sleepers and very high train traffic load. The obtained results in the value of the correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 0.995 attest to very high accuracy of the calculations performed with the method proposed by the authors.

Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence Spectra of PbSe Quantum Dots for Temperature Markers

2012 ◽  
Vol 482-484 ◽  
pp. 2547-2550
Author(s):  
Peng Fei Gu ◽  
Ya Nan Wang ◽  
Jia Jia Cao ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Tie Qiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Strong Temperature Dependence ◽  
Photoluminescence Spectra ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Optical Readout ◽  
Temperature Dependent Photoluminescence

We here report the temperature effect on photoluminescence(PL) spectra of PbSe quantum dots (QDs), which exhibit a strong temperature dependence on their spectra position and intensity. They potentially act as the temperature marker, sensing temperature variations and reporting temperature changes remotely through optical readout. In addition, the temperature sensitivity characterized by peak position of PbSe QDs was found to be 0.39nm/°C in a range of 10-100 °C.

scholarly journals The isotopic record at an alpine glacier and its implications for local climatic changes and isotopic homogenization processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (156) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yuanqing ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone ◽  
Yao Tandong ◽  
Shi Yafeng
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Regional Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractStratigraphic variations of oxygen isotopes in the snow which accumulates during the winter at the Norwegian glacier Austre Okstindbreen are not entirely eliminated after 1–2 months of ablation in the following summer. The relationship between regional temperature changes and δ18O values in the snowpack is affected by many natural factors, but 1989/90 winter air temperatures were reflected in the snow which remained on Austre Okstindbreen at 1350 m a.s.l. in July 1990. There were many variations of δ18O values in the 4.1m of snow above the 1989 summer surface, but variations in the underlying firn were relatively small. Meltwater percolation modifies the initial variations of δ18O values in the snowpack. At a site below the mean equilibrium-line altitude on Austre Okstindbreen, increased isotopic homogenization within a 10 day period in July accompanied an increase of the mean δ18O value. Although the isotopic record at a temperate glacier is likely to be influenced by more factors than is that at polar glaciers, it can provide an estimate of the approximate trend of local temperature variations.

What the past can say about the present and future of fire

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 66-87
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Marlon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Very High

AbstractWildfires are an integral part of most terrestrial ecosystems. Paleofire records composed of charcoal, soot, and other combustion products deposited in lake and marine sediments, soils, and ice provide a record of the varying importance of fire over time on every continent. This study reviews paleofire research to identify lessons about the nature of fire on Earth and how its past variability is relevant to modern environmental challenges. Four lessons are identified. First, fire is highly sensitive to climate change, and specifically to temperature changes. As long as there is abundant, dry fuel, we can expect that in a warming climate, fires will continue to grow unusually large, severe, and uncontrollable in fire-prone environments. Second, a better understanding of “slow” (interannual to multidecadal) socioecological processes is essential for predicting future wildfire and carbon emissions. Third, current patterns of burning, which are very low in some areas and very high in others—are often unprecedented in the context of the Holocene. Taken together, these insights point to a fourth lesson—that current changes in wildfire dynamics provide an opportunity for paleoecologists to engage the public and help them understand the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Nutrition Security in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1853-1860
Author(s):  
MO Ifeanacho ◽  
HO Okudu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Coastal Flooding ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Global Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rising Sea Level

Climate change is a global reality and a major concern of many countries of the world. Its average impacts are the same globally but with some regional peculiarities. This paper reviewed the global events of climate change and its reality in Nigeria. It observed that the world’s climatic elements have been undergoing changing pattern for a long period. Its reality in Nigeria was seen in changing rain pattern, relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, rising sea level, coastal flooding, erosion, desertification and drought among other indicators of climate change. These events were viewed vis-à-vis their impacts on nutrition security. The paper related these events to such drivers of food insecurity as food shortages; increase in crop and animal diseases; shortage of portable water; poor sanitation; loss of rural livelihood and different forms of pollution-related diseases. Measures were suggested for integration into government programmes and policy that will help in mitigating and adapting to the impact of climate change on nutrition security Keywords: Climate change, nutrition security, mitigating, adapting, Nigeria

scholarly journals The influence of ice sheets on temperature during the past 38 million years inferred from a one-dimensional ice sheet–climate model

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennert B. Stap ◽  
Roderik S. W. van de Wal ◽  
Bas de Boer ◽  
Richard Bintanja ◽  
Lucas J. Lourens
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polar Amplification ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Since the inception of the Antarctic ice sheet at the Eocene–Oligocene transition (∼ 34 Myr ago), land ice has played a crucial role in Earth's climate. Through feedbacks in the climate system, land ice variability modifies atmospheric temperature changes induced by orbital, topographical, and greenhouse gas variations. Quantification of these feedbacks on long timescales has hitherto scarcely been undertaken. In this study, we use a zonally averaged energy balance climate model bidirectionally coupled to a one-dimensional ice sheet model, capturing the ice–albedo and surface–height–temperature feedbacks. Potentially important transient changes in topographic boundary conditions by tectonics and erosion are not taken into account but are briefly discussed. The relative simplicity of the coupled model allows us to perform integrations over the past 38 Myr in a fully transient fashion using a benthic oxygen isotope record as forcing to inversely simulate CO2. Firstly, we find that the results of the simulations over the past 5 Myr are dependent on whether the model run is started at 5 or 38 Myr ago. This is because the relation between CO2 and temperature is subject to hysteresis. When the climate cools from very high CO2 levels, as in the longer transient 38 Myr run, temperatures in the lower CO2 range of the past 5 Myr are higher than when the climate is initialised at low temperatures. Consequently, the modelled CO2 concentrations depend on the initial state. Taking the realistic warm initialisation into account, we come to a best estimate of CO2, temperature, ice-volume-equivalent sea level, and benthic δ18O over the past 38 Myr. Secondly, we study the influence of ice sheets on the evolution of global temperature and polar amplification by comparing runs with ice sheet–climate interaction switched on and off. By passing only albedo or surface height changes to the climate model, we can distinguish the separate effects of the ice–albedo and surface–height–temperature feedbacks. We find that ice volume variability has a strong enhancing effect on atmospheric temperature changes, particularly in the regions where the ice sheets are located. As a result, polar amplification in the Northern Hemisphere decreases towards warmer climates as there is little land ice left to melt. Conversely, decay of the Antarctic ice sheet increases polar amplification in the Southern Hemisphere in the high-CO2 regime. Our results also show that in cooler climates than the pre-industrial, the ice–albedo feedback predominates the surface–height–temperature feedback, while in warmer climates they are more equal in strength.

scholarly journals Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecules in Circumstellar Material

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 515-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald N. B. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Red Giants ◽  
Circumstellar Material ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Long Period Variables ◽  
Vibration Rotation ◽  
Very High

High resolution spectra of red giants and long period variables exhibit lines of infrared CO vibration-rotation bands arising in circumstellar material. In the few such stars so far observed at very high resolution (≲ 1 km/s) the circumstellar material appears localized in 3 distinct regimes with temperatures of 800K, 200K and 75K and expansion velocities of 0, 10 and 16 km/s rather than being uniformly distributed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document