scholarly journals RESEARCH ON THE EVOLUTION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF NATURAL GAS TRADE NETWORK IN COUNTRIES ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KE-WEI LI ◽  
HANG FU
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trading Network ◽  
The Belt And Road

This paper analyzes the characteristic structure and influencing factors of the natural gas trade network between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" by building an international trade network model and a least squares regression model. Research shows that: China, Russia, the United Arab Kingdom, and Turkey are central countries in the natural gas trading network, and have certain influence and control over other countries in the network, which is in line with the "The 80/20 Rule". The degree of heterogeneity of the weighted network structure is decreasing. The gap between large trading countries and small countries is shrinking. In terms of influencing factors, the difference in per capita carbon dioxide and urbanization has positive and negative effects on the trade volume between China and the countries along the route, respectively.

Natural gas trade network of countries and regions along the belt and road: Where to go in the future?

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 101981
Author(s):  
Jiaman Li ◽  
Xiucheng Dong ◽  
Qingzhe Jiang ◽  
Kangyin Dong ◽  
Guixian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENERGY IMPORT DEPENDENCE NETWORK AND ITS INFLUENCING FACTORS: TAKING COUNTRIES AND REGIONS ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD AS AN EXAMPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Qingru Sun ◽  
Xiangyun Gao ◽  
Jingjian Si ◽  
Xian Xi ◽  
Siyao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Evolution Characteristics ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

This paper provides the concept of import dependence between countries, which is a relative quantity. In order to reveal the evolutionary characteristics of the import dependence between countries in energy trade and its influencing factors, firstly, based on the network analysis method, this paper constructs a model of energy import dependence network (EIDN) among countries and regions along the Belt and Road (B&R countries). Crude oil and natural gas are taken as empirical objects, and the evolution characteristics of the two kinds of EIDNs are analysed. The result showed that most of the B&R countries had a small number of crude oil and natural gas trade partners. However, the import dependence in crude oil and natural gas trade between countries is relatively large, indicating that the risk of oil and gas security in B&R countries is high. Moreover, based on the QAP method, spatial distance, economic differences, the signing of free trade agreements, and the differences in energy consumption between countries have a significant impact on the import dependence in crude oil and natural gas trade among B&R countries.

Demystifying the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s domestic and non-strategic policy?

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110388
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. The initiative is directly associated with President Xi Jinping, who first put forward the BRI in Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013, initially as One Belt One Road. Different from repetitive literature that concludes the BRI as China's global strategy, this article makes a contribution to argue that the BRI is China's domestic and non-strategic policy. To justify this argument, this article analyses how the BRI has been embedded into aspects of Chinese domestic policy by revealing its nexuses with Chinese domestic economy, politics and ideology. To deepen the understanding of the BRI's connection with the Chinese economy, this article explores the link between the BRI and China's supply-side structural reform. Meanwhile, this research demystifies the BRI as a global strategy and the difference between joining and rejecting the BRI to prove the BRI's non-strategic essence. In the end, this article discusses the BRI's far-reaching geopolitical influence.

scholarly journals Efficiency Measurement and Determinant Factors of Marine Economy in China: Based on the Belt and Road Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yinyin Wang ◽  
Conghua Xue ◽  
Huimin Li ◽  
Kaizhi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Bayesian Model Averaging ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Industry Structure ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Marine Industry ◽  
Marine Economy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Analyzing the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of marine economic efficiency is the foundation to improve the quality of marine economic development. A super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model is applied to measure the marine economic efficiency of 11 coastal provinces between 2006 and 2017 in China. Time series and standard deviation ellipse methods are used to analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. The influencing factors of efficiency are analyzed using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method based on the indicator system constructed on the relationship between the Belt and Road and marine economic efficiency. The research found that (1) the average change of marine economic efficiency is not large, and the efficiency values among most provinces are relatively stable. (2) The center of gravity of marine economic efficiency gradually shifts from the northeast to the southwest; the spatial scope continues to shrink, the level of flatness indicates increase at first followed by decrease, and the direction angle shows a fluctuating trend. (3) The compliance rate of industrial wastewater discharge and the diversification of the marine industry structure have strong explanatory capacity in marine economic efficiency in the coastal areas. This research proposed the specific path to improve the efficiency of marine economy and facilitate quality development under the “Belt and Road” initiative from the aspects of the optimization of the marine industry structure, the integrated construction of transportation, the development of opening to the outside world, the progress of marine science and technology, and the improvement of the marine ecological environment.

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Transformation of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Professor Biliang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Belt And Road

Globalisation contributed to the economic, social, political and cultural development of the deve- loped and developing countries. At the same time, it had an adverse effect, which is in-creasing disparity of income between various social groups and countries. The continuation of such process will lead to the weakening of globalisation, so there is a need to transform globalisation. According to the Author, the initiative of China, entitled: New Belt and New Road is an example of such actions and will contribute to giving new impetus to the process of globalisation in the future. <b>Globalization is now facing one of the biggest challenges in the history: British exit from the EU (Brexit), USA’s quit from the Paris Agreement on climate change, USA also quitted from TPP agreement as well as from UNESCO. People start worry about the next moves of globalization. Therefore, we need to discuss the future of globalization seriously. </b> Clearly, globalization brought very positive impact on economic, social, political and cultural developments for all the countries including the developed as well as developing economies. However, globalization also brought some negative effects, such as the income disparity among different groups of people and different countries. It has been continually enlarging, not narrowing down in the process of globalization. How to deal with the continual globalization? Of course there are different ways. We have been seeing the rising of the nationalism, the protectionism in some of the countries, we have been seeing withdraws of some countries from the global governance institutions. At the same time, we find that China has been making great efforts not only pushing forward the continual globalization but also trying to transfer the old style globalization to the new style globalization which is what I called the transformation of globalization in the new era through the Belt and Road Initiative.

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Humanistic Factors in Trade Network Evolution across the Belt and Road Initiative Countries Using the Exponential Random Graph Model

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jianjun Xu ◽  
Xiaowei Yang ◽  
Asif Razzaq
Keyword(s):  
Graph Model ◽  
Exponential Random Graph Model ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
Exponential Random Graph ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
The Belt And Road

Humanistic factors have been playing increasingly significant roles in international trade. Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China has drawn worldwide attention. This paper examines the roles of humanistic factors in international trade networks across the BRI countries. Firstly, we analyzed the structural characteristics of the import trade network across the 61 BRI countries and subsequently adopted the cross-sectional exponential random graph model (ERGM) and temporal ERGM to analyze the role of different humanistic factors in the evolution of import trade network from the static and dynamic perspectives, respectively. The results show the following: (I) the network scale of the import trade across the BRI countries has been expanding, the network density of the trade has been increasing gradually, and the “small-world” characteristics of import network are gradually revealed; (II) all of the factors such as a common (official or spoken) language, a common legal origin, a common religious belief, and ever sibling relationship help the BRI countries establish closer import trade ties; and (III) the differences of trade liberalization and financial liberalization, gross domestic product (GDP), and population in different countries also contribute to the evolution of import trade network among the BRI countries, and the countries with relatively higher GDP and greater population are more active in the import trade network.

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