THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENERGY IMPORT DEPENDENCE NETWORK AND ITS INFLUENCING FACTORS: TAKING COUNTRIES AND REGIONS ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD AS AN EXAMPLE

This paper provides the concept of import dependence between countries, which is a relative quantity. In order to reveal the evolutionary characteristics of the import dependence between countries in energy trade and its influencing factors, firstly, based on the network analysis method, this paper constructs a model of energy import dependence network (EIDN) among countries and regions along the Belt and Road (B&R countries). Crude oil and natural gas are taken as empirical objects, and the evolution characteristics of the two kinds of EIDNs are analysed. The result showed that most of the B&R countries had a small number of crude oil and natural gas trade partners. However, the import dependence in crude oil and natural gas trade between countries is relatively large, indicating that the risk of oil and gas security in B&R countries is high. Moreover, based on the QAP method, spatial distance, economic differences, the signing of free trade agreements, and the differences in energy consumption between countries have a significant impact on the import dependence in crude oil and natural gas trade among B&R countries.

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Oil and Gas Industry Financing

Alberta Law Review ◽

10.29173/alr558 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

C. A. Rae

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Oil And Gas Exploration ◽

Exploration And Production ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

The Common ◽

Marketing Operations

The demand for crude oil and natural gas is constantly increasing. To keep up with this demand the oil and gas industry must spend vast sums of. money· to find new petroleum deposits to replenish the depleted reserves. Conventional financing techniques are used to finance the transportation, refining and marketing operations of the oil and gas industry, but the financing of oil and gas exploration and production requires special techniques. This paper discusses the common methods of financing the production end of the Canadian oil and gas industry.

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RESEARCH ON THE EVOLUTION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF NATURAL GAS TRADE NETWORK IN COUNTRIES ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD

10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35644 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

KE-WEI LI ◽

HANG FU

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Trade Network ◽

Characteristic Structure ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Difference ◽

Trading Network ◽

The Belt And Road

This paper analyzes the characteristic structure and influencing factors of the natural gas trade network between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" by building an international trade network model and a least squares regression model. Research shows that: China, Russia, the United Arab Kingdom, and Turkey are central countries in the natural gas trading network, and have certain influence and control over other countries in the network, which is in line with the "The 80/20 Rule". The degree of heterogeneity of the weighted network structure is decreasing. The gap between large trading countries and small countries is shrinking. In terms of influencing factors, the difference in per capita carbon dioxide and urbanization has positive and negative effects on the trade volume between China and the countries along the route, respectively.

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Energy Prices and COVID-Immunity: The Case of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Prices in the US and Japan

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13236300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 6300

Author(s):

Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska ◽

Kentaka Aruga

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The United States ◽

Energy Markets ◽

Energy Prices ◽

The Us ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic storm has struck the world economies and energy markets with extreme strength. The goal of our study is to assess how the pandemic has influenced oil and gas prices, using energy market reactions in the United States and Japan. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 cases on the crude oil and natural gas markets, we applied the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach to the number of the US and Japanese COVID-19 cases and energy prices. Our study period is from 21 January 2020 to 2 June 2020, and uses the latest data available at the time of model calibration and captures the so-called “first pandemic wave”. In the US, the COVID-19 pandemic had a statistically negative impact on the crude oil price while it positively affected the gas price. In Japan, this negative impact was only apparent in the crude oil market with a two-day lag. Possible explanations of the results may include differences in pandemic development in the US and Japan, and the diverse roles both countries have in energy markets.

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Analyzing the financial and economic momentum as a result of changes in the interest rate

National Interests Priorities and Security ◽

10.24891/ni.16.9.1656 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1656-1673

Author(s):

V.V. Smirnov

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Central Bank ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Prices ◽

Global Capitalism ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

The Interest Rate

Subject. The article discusses financial and economic momenta. Objectives. I determine financial and economic momenta as the interest rate changes in Russia. Methods. The study is based on a systems approach and the method of statistical analysis. Results. The Russian economy was found to strongly depend on prices for crude oil and natural gas, thus throwing Russia to the outskirts of the global capitalism, though keeping the status of an energy superpower, which ensures a sustainable growth in the global economy by increasing the external consumption and decreasing the domestic one. The devaluation of the national currency, a drop in tax revenue, etc. result from the decreased interest rate. They all require to increase M2 and the devalued retail loan in RUB, thus rising the GDP deflator. As for positive effects, the Central Bank operates sustainably, replenishes gold reserves and keeps the trade balance (positive balance), thus strengthening its resilience during a global drop in crude oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive effects were discovered to result from a decreased in the interest rate, rather than keeping it low all the time. Conclusions and Relevance. As the interest rate may be, the financial and economic momentum in Russia depends on the volatility of the price for crude oil and natural gas. Lowering the interest rate and devaluing the national currency, the Central Bank preserves the resource structure of the Russian economy, strengthens its positions within the global capitalism and keeps its status of an energy superpower, thus reinforcing its resilience against a global drop in oil prices.

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The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

Tikrit Journal For Political Science ◽

10.25130/poltic.v0i19.216 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽

Hind Ziyad Nafeih

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Soft Power ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Power Lines ◽

Belt And Road Initiative ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Ancient Silk Road ◽

Main Engine ◽

The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation. It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country. The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

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