scholarly journals Sądownictwo konstytucyjne we Francji po II wojnie światowej

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1(64)) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Lech Jamróz
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Special Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second World

Constitutional Judiciary in France after the Second World War. The Importance of Constitutional Republican Tradition In France, the institution of the constitutional court appeared relatively late. In the period of the Third Republic, the main obstacle to a serious discussion on the introduction of a constitutional court to the political system was the prevailing concept of a “sovereign parliament” and the associated primacy of the act (statute). The doctrine of those times strengthened the view of the special role of the act (statute) in the legal system; also in the protection of individual rights. These are the main elements of the French republican tradition, which was formed during the Third Republic and was strengthened in the next republican period under the Constitution of 1946. The Constitutional Council, the first independent constitutional court, was introduced into the new system of France (1958) not so much from the conviction of this institution, but from the desire to limit the sovereign power of the parliament and the primacy of the law. The earlier Constitutional Committee (1946) could not fulfill this role, but its importance is underlined in French literature.

scholarly journals The Third International Scientific and Educational Conference – “USSR in the Second World War (1939–1945): Historical Memory Issues” (St. Petersburg, October 15–16, 2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Elena Krasnozhenova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Formal Concept ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
War Memories ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Second World

The Third International Scientific and Educational Conference – “USSR in the Second World War (1939–1945): Historical Memory Issues” was devoted to the 75th Anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany and its Allies. The conference became a platform to address topical issues regarding preserving and popularizing the war memories and discussing the role of the USSR in the victory over fascism. The historical events of the Great Patriotic War and Second World War, being both part of historical memory and objects of historical studies, were given consi­deration. The review of the reports, presented at the conference, demonstrates that the authors extensively expand their source base, reconsider the formal concept of war, raise new problems and questions, and apply new approaches to study war memories in general.

COMMUNIST PARTIES OF WESTERN EUROPE: PHASES OF HISTORICAL RISE AND DECLINE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE DYNAMICS OF ELECTORAL PREFERENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
V.E. BAGDASARYAN ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Special Role ◽  
World War ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The article presents the results of a study of the history of the communist parties of Western European states in the context of assessing the degree of their social influence. The aim of the work was to identify the phases of the rise and fall of the communist parties in Western Europe. The research methodology consisted in correlating the history of the communist parties with the results of elections to national parliaments. The factors that led to the growth or loss of the popularity of the communist movement among Western Europeans were identified. Special attention was paid to ideological splits within the Communist Parties and their attitude to the CPSU line. The conclusion is made about the achievement of the apogee of the popularity of the Communist parties in the first post-war years on the wave of the Victory in the Second World War, associated with the special role of the USSR. The subsequent decline of the communists in Western Europe is explained by the loss of the attractiveness of the Soviet project, by the erosion of the original values. At the present historical stage, a new rise in the popularity of the left forces is recorded, which is associated with a modern systemic crisis and a search for alternatives to capitalism.

FranceThe Vicissitudes of a Tradition

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-51
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Mestre
Keyword(s):  
Third Republic ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

This chapter considers the history of French administrative law. Three main periods may be discerned. The first of these ran from the Restauration, immediately after the first Napoleonic Empire, until the end of the Second Empire in 1870. This period of political instability is characterized by the great diversity of the first expressions of interest in foreign administrative law: educational prospects, journal articles, as well as political and nationalistic controversies. Knowledge of these laws increased considerably with the creation of the Société de Législation comparée. During the Third Republic, many of the comparisons carried out repeatedly sparked debates with political and nationalistic overtones. After the Second World War, the teaching of comparative administrative law made significant headway. The development of research and the increase in publications stimulated reflections on the methods and the ‘scientific field’ of comparative administrative law.

scholarly journals Życie codzienne Marii Krystyny Habsburg (1923–2012)

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Terteka
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Language Training ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Second World

The article presents the figure of Marie Christine Habsburg from Żywiec Town, Poland (1923-2012), especially her education at the Żywiec Court, where the court etiquette in the education of royal children from Lorraine Habsburg Dynasty was significant. It shows educational process of Marie Christine since her childhood till her studies at Faculty of Medicine at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. It particularly describes the teaching process in her education. It lists the Subjects that she studied as well as her professors. It strongly emphasizes essential role of Language Training. At the background there was shown the dramatic fate of Habsburg Family of Żywiec during the Second World War, especially Karl Albrecht and his wife Alice neẻ Ancarcrona, who secretly supported Polish anti-Nazi underground and then they were persecuted and suffered in The Third Reich. It explains how educational process influenced patriotic attitude of Marie Christine.

«The enemy of my enemy»: actions of Azerbaijan «Musavat» party in Germany (1933–1939)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Й. Шнелле
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Second World

В данной статье рассматриваются отношения "Мусават", бывшей правящей партии Азербайджанской Республики и наиболее активной партии азербайджанских эмигрантов, с Третьим Рейхом в довоенный период. В 1933–1939 гг. Германия сыграла большую роль для партии «Мусават» в поисках союзников в борьбе против СССР. Мусаватисты некоторое время сотрудничали с Антикоминтерном в области антикоммунистической пропаганды и в 1939 г. были под покровительством Внешнеполитического управления НСДАП. Тем не менее положение «Мусават» в Германии оставалось неустойчивым вплоть до начала Второй мировой войны, надежды этой партии на эффективную поддержку со стороны Берлина не оправдались. The article examines relations between «Musavat», the former leading party of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the most active party of Azerbaijan immigrants, and the Third Reich during the pre-war period. In 1933–1939 Germany helped the party in search for anti-Soviet allies. Members of «Musavat» collaborated with the Anti-Comintern in Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda activities in 1939, they were under the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs protection. Never the less «Musavat» party haven’t gained a steady position till the beginning of the Second World War, it’s hopes for effective help and support from Berlin were not realized.

The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Moral Stance

Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.

Implications

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Edele
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
World War ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Middle Position ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Second World

This chapter turns to the present and explains the implications of the current study for the ongoing debate about the Soviet Union in the Second World War and in particular about the role of loyalty and disloyalty in the Soviet war effort. It argues that this study strengthens those who argue for a middle position: the majority of Soviet citizens were neither unquestioningly loyal to the Stalinist regime nor convinced resisters. The majority, instead, saw their interests as distinct from both the German and the Soviet regime. Nevertheless, ideology remains important if we want to understand why in the Soviet Union more resisted or collaborated than elsewhere in Europe and Asia.

Memory and identity: intergenerational narratives of violence among refugees in Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Dragojević
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Cycle Of Violence ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Second World

This article examines the role of the intergenerational memory of the Second World War (WWII) in identity formation and political mobilization. An existing explanation in the ethnic-conflict literature is that strategic political leaders play a crucial role in constructing and mobilizing ethnic identities. However, based on 114 open-ended interviews with individuals born in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia, conducted in Serbia during 2008–2011, nearly a third of the respondents make spontaneous references to WWII in their statements, usually drawing parallels between the cycle of violence in the 1990s and that in the 1940s. The question this article asks, then, is why some respondents make references to WWII spontaneously while others do not. It is argued that intergenerational narratives of past cycles of violence also constitute a process of identity formation, in addition to, or apart from, other processes of identity formation. The respondents mention WWII violence in the context of the 1990s events because they “recognize” elements, such as symbols, discourse or patterns of violence, similar to those in the intergenerational narratives and interpret them as warning signs. Hence, individuals who had previously been exposed to intergenerational narratives may be subsequently more susceptible to political mobilization efforts.

scholarly journals Italian Astronomers in the IAU: the contribution and role of Italian astronomers from the foundation to the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
V. Zanini ◽  
M. Gargano ◽  
A. Gasperini
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
World War ◽  
International Scientific Community ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Recent Project ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

AbstractEven though Italy officially joined the IAU in 1921, Italian astronomers were involved in its birth as early as 1919, when Annibale Riccò, Director of the Astrophysical Observatory of Catania, proposed to the IAU Committee to hold its first General Assembly in Rome. This contribution will analyze the role played by Italian astronomers in the development of the IAU from its foundation to the Second World War. The recent project of reordering of the astronomical historical archives in Italy permits for the first time a more in-depth study of the relations between Italian astronomers and the international scientific community.

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