scholarly journals Postapokaliptyczna wizja Rosji (na przykładzie współczesnej antyutopii rosyjskiej)

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6(75)) ◽  
pp. 183-197
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Duda
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Newborn Children ◽  
Modern Russian ◽  
Literature And Language

Post-apocalyptic Vision of Russia (Based on Modern Russian Distopia) The following article focuses on the new genre of antiutopia which appeared after the collapse of the USSR. Not only do we consider the antiutopia as the literary genre but as the attitude toward reality and the style of thinking as well. Modern antiutopia (like Kysh by Tatyana Tolstoy) does not warn us against communism together with its concentration camps, tortures and utopian ideas… It shows what can happen with people when they will lose their culture, especially literature and language. The human beings change into creatures with special ugly effects, their mentality is badly disturbed and they behave as newborn children. The citizens of Russian country presented in Kysh, are afraid of everything and everybody only because they do not know their history, the knowledge about themselves. Books are strictly forbidden, thinking and reading seem to be the worst illness. Paradoxically special brigade of firemen was created in order to burn down books and to kill their holders. It turned out that people may regain their identity only by overcoming their fear.

scholarly journals POLITIK PEMUSNAHAN DAN PEMUSNAHAN POLITIK : Telaah Kritis Atas Konsep Hannah Arendt Tentang Totalitarisme

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Mathias Daven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Total Domination ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Totalitarian Regime

If we wish to understand a totalitarian system as a whole, we need first to understand the central role of the concentration camp as a laboratorium to experiment in total domination. Arendt’s analysis of totalitarianism in the twentieth century shows how a totalitarian regime cannot survive without terror; and terror will not be effective without concentration camps. Experiments in concentration camps had as their purpose, apart from wiping out any freedom or spontaneity, the abolishing of space between human beings, abolishing space for politics. Thus, totalitarianism did not mirror only the politics of extinction, but also the extinction of politics. As a way forward, Arendt analyses political theory that forces the reader to understand power no longer under the rubric of domination or violence – although this avenue is open – but rather under the rubric of freedom. Arendt is convinced that the life of a destroyed nation can be restored by mutual forgiveness and mutual promises, two abilities rooted in action. Political action, as with other acts, is identical with the ability to commence something new. Keywords: Totalitarisme, antisemitisme, imperialisme, dominasi, teror, kebebasan, kedaulatan, kamp konsentrasi, politik, ideologi, tindakan

“In the Name of Humanity”: Nazi Doctors and Human Experiments in German Concentration Camps

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-252
Author(s):  
Daan de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Hippocratic Oath ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human Experimentation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
Human Experiments ◽  
Nazi Doctors ◽  
Second World

Abstract During the Second World War over two hundred and fifty German doctors conducted medical experiments on human beings. Jurists and scholars have pondered ever since how doctors educated to heal could harm and even kill. Robert Jay Lifton has argued that psychological “doubling” could explain their crimes: their Faustian bargain with Nazism outweighed their Hippocratic Oath. Here the author argues, however, that Lifton’s theory does not apply to these Nazi doctors because there is no indication that they recognized ethical constraints against human experimentation. To explain how “healers became killers,” the author focuses on the broader historical aspects of their behavior.

Virginia Woolf and the War on Books: Cultural Heritage and Dis-Heritage in the 1930s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane F. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Heinrich Heine ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Leonard Woolf ◽  
Hogarth Press ◽  
Cultural Roles

In 1821, Heinrich Heine famously and prophetically wrote, “’When they burn books, they will also, in the end, burn human beings.’” In January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. On May 10th, university students in Berlin and Hitler’s brown shirts sang Nazi anthems, gave the Nazi arm salute, and flung onto bonfires thousands of books containing ideas considered unGerman. During the 1930s and 1940s, as many writers fled and concentration camps combined forced labor and genocide, Nazi confiscations and burnings of books and manuscripts went on throughout Germany and in occupied countries. On both sides books also were sacrificed to meet shortages of paper and fuel. Collateral damage from German and Allied bombings destroyed, along with soldiers and civilians, many more vulnerable books and libraries. Traveling in France and Italy in May 1933, Leonard and Virginia Woolf did not record any experience or knowledge of “libricide” in Berlin. Leonard Woolf notes that even in 1935, “people were just beginning to understand something of what Hitler and the Nazis were doing in Germany.” Still, the Woolfs were more aware than most. This essay will include 1) a brief look at two lesser-known books published by the Hogarth Press to inform British readers of threatened physical and cultural destruction by the Nazis; 2) a glance at selected research on the causes and goals of book and library burning; and 3) an examination, in these contexts, of some complex personal and cultural roles books played, especially in Virginia Woolf’s life, during a decade when people and their libraries lived under threat.

scholarly journals “Birdless Sky”. On one of the topoi in Lager literature (and its fringes)

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Krupiński
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Point Of Reference

The aim of the article is to indicate a recurring motif in the writings devoted to Nazi concentration camps. In many of the accounts of male and female internees the camp was described as a place “where birds did not sing”. As a territory over which there spun an empty silent sky. “A Birdless Sky”. The author of the study, utilising various sources, attempted to study the phenomenon from different perspectives. The results of scientific ornithological studies conducted by Günther Niethammer, a scientist and an SS guard at KL Auschwitz proved a rather unexpected point of reference for the voices of the internees. The presented article refers to the increasingly lively contemporary research into the topics of Lager and Holocaust literatures. Ecocriticism and environmentalism have been some of the more significant inspirations of the proposed discussion. By introducing a post-anthropocentric perspective, the author was able to expand the historical field to include non-human beings (animals, plants, landscapes).

scholarly journals AJARAN BHATARA KUMARA DALAM TUTUR KUMARA TATWA DAN PENGARUH TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
I Wayan Artayasa
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
Hindu Community ◽  
Newborn Children

Hindus considered Bhatara Kumara in Bali as a protector or guardian deity for newborn children. Offering and worshiping Bhatara Kumara is very important to do every day to protect or give children gifts. However, in Tutur Kumara Tatwa, Bhatara Kumara teachings are not only for children but for all people. The teachings conveyed are a form of self-control in this life. The teaching or education in Tutur Kumara Tatwa certainly has implications for human life, especially in Bali. Children's education is essential to do from an early age to develop good character. Good character is not only for children but also applies to all human beings. According to Tutur Kumara Tatwa, character education from Bhatara Siwa to Bhatara Kumara originated from a field where Bhatara Kumara was grazing called Argakuruksana. Bhatara Kumara felt like life in solitude. During his life as a shepherd, he had experienced many ups and downs. It is what can be learned as teaching or values in life that can affect human life. Bhatara Kumara was blessed or awarded by Bhatara Shiva to stay young, achieving eternal happiness. Bhatara Kumara is represented as the god of a baby. It means that babies should have received character education from their parents. Bhatara Kumara's role in human life, especially for Bali's Hindu community, is seen as the God of children from birth to Telung Oton's age (630 days). Bhatara Kumara is placed in Pelangkiran and is believed to be the child's protector or guardian

An Inquiry into some Accounts of Children being fostered by Wild Beasts

1874 ◽  
Vol 20 (90) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
William W. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Spontaneous Growth ◽  
First Sound ◽  
Newborn Children

It has been a question for curious speculation since man began to reflect on the origin of knowledge and the nature of his own faculties, what would be the character of a human being growing up without any intercourse with his kind, and having no ideas and no knowledge save those derived by his own unassisted intellect from his observations of the external world. Man's acquired knowledge being evidently the combined product of his own innate capacities, tastes, and sympathies, and the suggestions and customs resulting from his contact with other beings, it is only by a very difficult and somewhat doubtful process of analysis that philosophers have been able to distinguish what is innate and what is acquired; and, as every one knows, great discussions have taken place as to the line of demarcation between those ideas which are the result of education, and those supposed to be of spontaneous growth. The experiment said by Herodotus∗ to have been performed by King Psammitichus is one likely enough to have been made by an eastern prince addicted to those speculations on the origin of ideas which so naturally present themselves to human curiosity. In order, as the priests of Memphis told the great father of history, to decide the important question:—Which was the most ancient of nations?—the king gave two newborn children to a shepherd to educate. They were nursed by goats and separated from all human beings. The first sound they uttered was and this on inquiry being found to be the Phrygian for bread, the Egyptians admitted ever after that the Phrygians were of more antiquity than themselves.

An Introduction to the Sagas of Icelanders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Phelpstead
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
History Of

An Introduction to the Sagas of Icelanders provides new perspectives on a unique medieval literary genre: the Sagas of Icelanders (also known in English as Family Sagas). The book deepens our understanding both of the Old Norse-Icelandic texts and of our responses to them by attending to the ways in which the texts work as narratives of identity. It offers a fresh account of the sagas by relating them to questions addressed by postcolonial studies, feminist and queer theory, and ecocriticism, approaches that are currently more familiar in other areas of literary study than in the study of Old Norse-Icelandic literature. The book begins by examining what an Icelandic saga is, and then goes on to discuss the origins of the genre, describing its historical contexts and arguing that a rich variety of oral and written source traditions combined to produce a new literary form. The book then examines issues of national, religious, and legal identity, gender and sexuality, and the relations between human beings, nature, and the supernatural. Readings of selected individual sagas show how the various source traditions and thematic concerns of the genre interact in the most widely read and admired sagas. A brief history of the translation of the sagas into English shows how consistently translation has been inspired by, and undertaken in accordance with, beliefs about identity. The book’s conclusion draws together the preceding chapters by underlining how they have presented the sagas of Icelanders as narrative explorations of identity and alterity.

“Prisoners of the Postwar”: Expellees, Displaced Persons, and Jews in Austria after World War II

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 191-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Zahra
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Western World ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World War ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Right

In the aftermath of World War II, Austria once again achieved notoriety as a “prison of peoples.” In 1951, theOst-West Kurier, a newspaper in Essen, decried the degrading mistreatment of Austria's so-called “prisoners of the postwar.” Men, women, and children were wasting away in former concentration camps and were denied citizenship rights, the right to work or to travel freely, and basic social protections, the newspaper reported. These “prisoners” were not, however, former Jewish concentration camp inmates, prisoners of war (POWs), or displaced persons (DPs). They were German expellees from Eastern Europe—the very Germans on whose behalf the Nazi war for Lebensraum had allegedly been fought. “In the entire Western world, there is today no group of human beings who has been sentenced to live with so few rights as the so-called Volksdeutsche in Austria,” the newspaper's editors proclaimed:300,000 people, whose homes and property have been torn from them through the expulsions, all too often by their closest neighbors, endured a hard journey to Austria, where they believed upon arrival that it could be something like a greater Heimat for them. Because only three decades ago, they too were Austrians.

scholarly journals Chimneys in the Night: A Comparative Analysis of Elie Wiesel’s Night and Olga Lengyel’s Five Chimneys

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layla Dawn Leard
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Graphic Depiction ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This essay aims to evaluate some of the similarities and differences in the experiences of two Holocaust survivors, Olga Lengyel and Ellie Wiesel. The essay will explore the experiences of these two survivors in Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Buchenwald and examine why some of their experiences may have been different. The purpose of the essay is not to belittle the experiences of one gender or the other, but to identify how gender and sexuality made their experiences different. Wiesel’s and Lengyel's haunting memories of their experiences in these concentration camps offers a lense through which to examine the potential role that gender had on the experiences of the camp inmates. Both authors provide a graphic depiction of life in the concentration camp and the reader is taken into the depths of the hell in which these human beings were forced to live. Lengyel and Wiesel in a sense represent larger groups of people; women in the concentration camp and men in the concentration camp. Their memoirs exemplify the experiences of the millions of men and women who lived in the concentration camps, many of whom’s voices were silenced as a result of their presence in the camps. Therefore one can use the two accounts and the wealth of information within them to draw general conclusions about the experiences of each gender within the camp.

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