scholarly journals Concise and Broadly Applicable Method for Determining the Genomic Sequences of North-American–Type Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses in Various Clusters

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1249-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeya MOROZUMI ◽  
Hiroshi ISEKI ◽  
Daisuke TOKI ◽  
Michihiro TAKAGI ◽  
Hiroshi TSUNEMITSU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
North American Type

scholarly journals High frequency RNA recombination in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs preferentially between parental sequences with high similarity

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 2615-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joke J. F. A. van Vugt ◽  
Torben Storgaard ◽  
Martin B. Oleksiewicz ◽  
Anette Bøtner
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
European American ◽  
Rna Recombination ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
European Isolate ◽  
North American Type ◽  
Theoretical Risk

Two types of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) exist, a North American type and a European type. The co-existence of both types in some countries, such as Denmark, Slovakia and Canada, creates a risk of inter-type recombination. To evaluate this risk, cell cultures were co-infected with either a North American and a European type of PRRSV or two diverse types of European isolate. Subsequently, an approximately 600 bp region of the PRRSV genome was tested for recombination by quantitative real-time RT–PCR. Between 0·1 and 2·5% RNA recombination was found between the European isolates, but no recombination was detected between the European and North American types. Calculation of the maximum theoretical risk of European–American recombination, based on the sensitivity of the RT–PCR system, revealed that RNA recombination between the European and North American types of PRRSV is at least 10000 times less likely to occur than RNA recombination between diverse European isolates.

scholarly journals Preparation of North American Type II PRRSV Infectious Clone Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyue Wang ◽  
Kao Zhang ◽  
Hongyu Lin ◽  
Wenyan Li ◽  
Jiexia Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
North American ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Infectious Clone ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Nsp2 Gene ◽  
Gfp Gene ◽  
Overlap Pcr ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
North American Type

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is still one of the most important infectious diseases threatening the swine industry. To construct North American type II PRRSV infectious clone containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, we amplify gfp gene, flanked by PRRSV Nsp2 gene fragments upstream and downstream, using overlap PCR method from pcDNA-EF1-GFP plasmid and FL12 plasmid containing PRRSV infectious genome as the templates. The Nsp2 fragment-flanked gfp gene was inserted into Nsp2 gene of the FL12 plasmid bySpeI andXhoI sites to generate PRRSV infectious recombinant plasmid (FL12-GFP) containing gfp gene. The recombinant PRRSV expressing GFP (PRRSV-GFP) was rescued in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells by transfecting PRRSV mRNA synthesizedin vitroand amplified in Marc-145 cells. The PRRSV-GFP infectivity and replication capacity were identified. Results showed that, by adopting overlap PCR strategy, the gfp gene was successfully inserted into and fused with PRRSV Nsp2 gene in the PRRSV infectious clone plasmid FL-12 to generate FL12-GFP plasmid. The recombinant PRRSV-GFP was generated through transfecting PRRSV mRNA in BHK-2 cells. Like its parental virus, the recombinant PRRSV-GFP maintains its infectivity to Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). This study provides essential conditions for further investigation on PRRSV.

scholarly journals Phylogeny-Based Evolutionary, Demographical, and Geographical Dissection of North American Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (17) ◽  
pp. 8700-8711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mang Shi ◽  
Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam ◽  
Chung-Chau Hon ◽  
Michael P. Murtaugh ◽  
Peter R. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
North American Type ◽  
Orf5 Sequences

ABSTRACT Type 2 (or North American-like) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first recorded in 1987 in the United States and now occurs in most commercial swine industries throughout the world. In this study, we investigated the epidemiological and evolutionary behaviors of type 2 PRRSV. Based on phylogenetic analyses of 8,624 ORF5 sequences, we described a comprehensive picture of the diversity of type 2 PRRSVs and systematically classified all available sequences into lineages and sublineages, including a number of previously undescribed lineages. With the rapid growth of sequence deposition into the databases, it would be technically difficult for veterinary researchers to genotype their sequences by reanalyzing all sequences in the databases. To this end, a set of reference sequences was established based on our classification system, which represents the principal diversity of all available sequences and can readily be used for further genotyping studies. In addition, we further investigated the demographic histories of these lineages and sublineages by using Bayesian coalescence analyses, providing evolutionary insights into several important epidemiological events of type 2 PRRSV. Moreover, by using a phylogeographic approach, we were able to estimate the transmission frequencies between the pig-producing states in the United States and identified several states as the major sources of viral spread, i.e., “transmission centers.” In summary, this study represents the most extensive phylogenetic analyses of type 2 PRRSV to date, providing a basis for future genotyping studies and dissecting the epidemiology of type 2 PRRSV from phylogenetic perspectives.

Significance of Conodonts, Graptolites, and Shelly Faunas from the Ordovician of Western and North-Central Newfoundland

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1625-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig M. Bergström ◽  
John Riva ◽  
Marshall Kay
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Hole Formation ◽  
North Central ◽  
New Information ◽  
North American Type

Numerous collections of graptolites, conodonts, and shelly fossils provide new information about the age of several previously imprecisely dated formations on Newfoundland. The Long Point Formation is raised to group rank with two new formations, the Lourdes Limestone and the Winterhouse Formation. The Lourdes is largely Porterfieldian, indicating a pre-Nemagraptus gracilis Zone age for the Bonnian phase of the Taconian orogeny. In northern Newfoundland, the Nemagraptus gracilis Zone has been identified in the Lawrence Harbour Shale, and in shales along the Trans-Canada highway; the Diplograptus multidens Zone in argillites at the base of the Point Leamington Greywacke; the Dicranograptus clingani Zone in the same argillites, shales east of Gander Bay, the Rodgers Cove Shale, the Dark Hole Formation, and unit C of the Summerford Group; and the Pleurograptus linearis Zone in the Point Leamington Greywacke, unit C of the Summerford Group and the Rodgers Cove Shale. The Pygodus anserinus and Pygodus serrus conodont zones are present in the Cobbs Arm Limestone and the latter zone in the Summerford Group. The Cobbs Arm Limestone and the Rodgers Cove Shale (new) are referred to the Hillgrade Group. The conodont and graptolite faunas from north-central Newfoundland are of 'European' rather than 'North American' type, but the conodont and graptolite faunal provinces do not have the same regional distribution in eastern North America.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization by composite sequence analysis of a new pathogenic field strain of equine infectious anemia virus from the 2006 outbreak in Ireland

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Quinlivan ◽  
Frank Cook ◽  
Rachel Kenna ◽  
John J. Callinan ◽  
Ann Cullinane
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
North American ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ◽  
Genomic Organization ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
The North ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia ◽  
Iatrogenic Transmission ◽  
Anemia Virus

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the causative agent of equine infectious anaemia (EIA), possesses the least-complex genomic organization of any known extant lentivirus. Despite this relative genetic simplicity, all of the complete genomic sequences published to date are derived from just two viruses, namely the North American EIAVWYOMING (EIAVWY) and Chinese EIAVLIAONING (EIAVLIA) strains. In 2006, an outbreak of EIA occurred in Ireland, apparently as a result of the importation of contaminated horse plasma from Italy and subsequent iatrogenic transmission to foals. This EIA outbreak was characterized by cases of severe, sometimes fatal, disease. To begin to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathogenic phenotype, complete proviral genomic sequences in the form of 12 overlapping PCR-generated fragments were obtained from four of the EIAV-infected animals, including two of the index cases. Sequence analysis of multiple molecular clones produced from each fragment demonstrated the extent of diversity within individual viral genes and permitted construction of consensus whole-genome sequences for each of the four viral isolates. In addition, complete env gene sequences were obtained from 11 animals with differing clinical profiles, despite exposure to a common EIAV source. Although the overall genomic organization of the Irish EIAV isolates was typical of that seen in all other strains, the European viruses possessed ≤80 % nucleotide sequence identity with either EIAVWY or EIAVLIA. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Irish EIAV isolates developed independently of the North American and Chinese viruses and that they constitute a separate monophyletic group.

Genetic polymorphism of the nsp2 gene in North American type-Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 153 (7) ◽  
pp. 1323-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Yoshii ◽  
Tatsuyuki Okinaga ◽  
Ayako Miyazaki ◽  
Kanako Kato ◽  
Hidetoshi Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
North American ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Nsp2 Gene ◽  
North American Type

scholarly journals Expression of CD25 in Individuals With Obesity With or Without Insulin Resistance After Following a North American Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1122-1122
Author(s):  
Jenneffer Rayane Braga Tibaes ◽  
Maria Inês Barreto Silva ◽  
Paulina Blanco Cervantes ◽  
Bethany Wollin ◽  
Alexander Makarowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
North American ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
North American Type

Abstract Objectives Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are associated with systemic inflammation, lower immune function, and a higher risk of infection. We previously reported that individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have an impaired T cell response (i.e., lower IL-2 production, a marker of proliferation) upon T cell stimulation despite having more activated T cells compared to normoglycemic (NG) individuals with obesity. It remains unclear if the immune dysfunction is caused by adiposity, hyperglycemia and/or dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming an isocaloric North American-type diet on the IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression and cardiometabolic risk factors in lean, obese-NG, and obese-IR individuals. Methods This is a three parallel-arm trial in controlled feeding conditions being conducted at the Human Nutrition Research Unit, at the University of Alberta. Three groups of adults: Lean-NG (n = 7), Obese-NG (n = 8), and Obese-IR (n = 9) consumed an isocaloric standardized diet containing 35% fat, 48% carbohydrate, and 17% protein for 4 weeks. All meals were provided to participants. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state before and after the intervention and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and the proportion of total immune cells expressing CD25 was determined by flow cytometry. Results At baseline and post-intervention, Obese-IR had higher levels of glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR and lower levels of HDL-C compared to both Lean-NG and Obese-NG groups (P < 0.05). At baseline, the proportion of PBMCs expressing CD25 tended to be lower in the Lean-NG (17.6 ± 2.7) compared to both Obese-NG (23.3 ± 4.8) and Obese-IR (23.2 ± 4.8) (P = 0.08). Post-intervention, the expression of CD25 was reduced in Lean-NG and Obese-IR groups (P < 0.01) but similar trends were still observed among all groups (P = 0.07). Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that obesity, independent of IR, is associated with greater activation of immune cells and consuming a North American-type diet lowers the expression of the IL-2 receptor in individuals with and without obesity. Therefore, both excess adiposity and dietary pattern appear to modulate the function of immune cells in obesity. Funding Sources Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON WALKER’S NORTH AMERICAN TYPE-SPECIMENS OF ANTHOMYIIDAE AND MUSCIDAE (DIPTERA) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-977
Author(s):  
H. C. Huckett
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
North American Type

AbstractThe following species are treated and new synonymies indicated: Cordylura aea, type unknown; C. cupricrus, = Hylemya coenosiaeformis Stein; C. flavipennis, = Acrostilpna replicata Huckett; C. imperator, = Hoplogaster setipes Huckett; C. tenuior, = Hoplogaster mollicula (Fallén); Anthomyia anane, == Botanophila setigera (Johannsen); A. badia, genus Paraprosalpia; Coenosia spinosa, = Hydrophoria ambigua (Fallén).

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