scholarly journals PRICING POLICIES FOR HIGH DEMAND DATA COMMUNICATIONS, THE CASE OF ALBANIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 300-306
Author(s):  
Irena Malolli
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
High Demand ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Right

Mobile data traffic has dramatically increased during the recent years. The high demand for data communication increased the challenges for network operators. Communication Network operators are investing to provide more capacities and they are looking for innovative ways to cope with increased market demand for broadband data communication.The liberalization of the telecommunication market and the competition put the operators under pressure to keep high quality services with low cost. New pricing policies are introduced in order to maintain market share and keep their users in a competitive market. The battle with OTT makes the situation more critical.This article will analyze the situation in the field of data communication, compare different instruments which are used or are under development in different countries and in Albania. The article will analyze the pricing policies used for data communication as a solution to cope with the high demand of data traffic. The article will identify some critical issues on these practices, draw conclusions and give some recommendations on the proper ways to keep the right balance between technical and commercial solutions and user experience/satisfaction.

scholarly journals The design and research of the shared kitchen system in the hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
YE Xin ◽  
JI Qian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Space System ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Right

The shared economy has been developing rapidly with low cost, low consumption and high environmental efficiency features under the background of internet waves. The shared economy model has emerged in housing, catering, and travel. As people look forward to high quality of life and their social interaction need, the shared kitchen platform arises at the right moment. This paper takes the shared kitchen as an example, focusing on the patients and their caregivers, the existing shared kitchens and its service platform as well as the space system design and human-computer interaction of the shared kitchen have been investigated and analysized. Taking the "high efficiency, the intelligence and the humanization" as the design principles, we are committed to exploring new directions for modular kitchen design under the background of shared economy.

Home Networking Technology Applied in Smart Home System

2013 ◽  
Vol 468 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Su Hua Chen ◽  
Yong Guang Liu ◽  
Xu Fang
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Home Networking ◽  
The Right

Smart home system mainly consists of home networking, wireless local area network and external network, and with the advantages of low cost and high reliability, Zigbee wireless technology is the right choice for smart home system and the main part of home networking. The design of smart home system based on Zigbee is proposed, the Zigbeethe design process of the systemintelligent socket and data communication rule are elaborated. The system has been applied in smart community of Shaoxing Electric Power Bureau, which has good performances, high availability and reliability, better market prospects.

scholarly journals A Novel WLAN Roaming Decision and Selection Scheme for Mobile Data Offloading

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Nguyen ◽  
Mohammad Arifuzzaman ◽  
Takuro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Load ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Network Resource ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Access Points ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mobile Data Offloading ◽  
Point Of Service

The existing IEEE and 3GPP standards have laid the foundation for integrating cellular and WiFi network to deliver a seamless experience for the end-users when roaming across multiple access networks. However, in recent studies, the issue of making roaming decision and intelligently selecting the most preferable Point of Service to optimize network resource and improve end user’s experience has not been considered properly. In this paper, we propose a novel cellular and WiFi roaming decision and AP selection scheme based on state of the art, 3GPP TS24.312 and IEEE 802.11u, k standards. Our proposed scheme assists the mobile nodes to decide the right timing to make roaming decision and select preferable point of service based on the operator’s policies and real-time network condition. We also introduce our simulation model of a heterogeneous network with cellular and WiFi interworking as well as 3GPP ANDSF, TS24.312. It is a complete end-to-end system model from application to physical layer with considering user’s mobility and realistic traffic model. The proposed scheme outperformed the conventional WiFi selection scheme in terms of dynamically steering mobile node’s data traffic from macrocell to available Access Points. The proposed scheme increased the utilization and balanced the traffic load of access points and improved user’s experienced throughput.

scholarly journals Optimal Ordering and Pricing Policies for Seasonal Products: Impacts of Demand Uncertainty and Capital Constraint

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinzhao Shi ◽  
Richard Y. K. Fung ◽  
Ju’e Guo
Keyword(s):  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Lower Price ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
Optimal Ordering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Uncertainty Level ◽  
Seasonal Products

With a stochastic price-dependent market demand, this paper investigates how demand uncertainty and capital constraint affect retailer’s integrated ordering and pricing policies towards seasonal products. The retailer with capital constraint is normalized to be with zero capital endowment while it can be financed by an external bank. The problems are studied under a low and high demand uncertainty scenario, respectively. Results show that when demand uncertainty level is relatively low, the retailer faced with demand uncertainty always sets a lower price than the riskless one, while its order quantity may be smaller or larger than the riskless retailer’s which depends on the level of market size. When adding a capital constraint, the retailer will strictly prefer a higher price but smaller quantity policy. However, in a high demand uncertainty scenario, the impacts are more intricate. The retailer faced with demand uncertainty will always order a larger quantity than the riskless one if demand uncertainty level is high enough (above a critical value), while the capital-constrained retailer is likely to set a lower price than the well-funded one when demand uncertainty level falls within a specific interval. Therefore, it can be further concluded that the impact of capital constraint on the retailer’s pricing decision can be influenced by different demand uncertainty levels.

A Demand Model for Mobile Data Traffic in the 5G Era

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-43
Author(s):  
Michail Katsigiannis
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
High Level

This chapter examines how to estimate and forecast the market demand of mobile data traffic in the 5G era. The research objective is to develop a demand model for forecasting the market price and quantity of traffic in the Finnish mobile data communications market for the period between 2016 and 2020. The market price of traffic unit (GB/month), quantity, revenue, and profits are empirically estimated and forecast. The results show that the improvements of network performance, reflected by the user experienced data rate, cause a drop in the price from 0.8 to 0.27 € per GB/month between 2016 and 2020 (tenfold traffic growth). Also, a more than threefold increase is shown in mobile data revenues, whereas the profitability remains at a high level for the minimum marginal cost of 0.08 €.

Prerequisites to support high-quality clinical trials in children and young people

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2019-318677
Author(s):  
Steven Hirschfeld ◽  
Florian B Lagler ◽  
Jenny M Kindblom
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Healthcare Delivery System ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Support Decision Making

Children have the right to treatment based on the same quality of information that guides treatment in adults. Without the proper evaluation of medicinal products and devices in paediatric clinical trials that are designed to meet the rigorous standards of the competent authorities, children are discriminated from advances in medicine. There are regulatory, scientific and ethical incentives to address the knowledge gap regarding efficacy and safety of medicines in the paediatric population. High-quality clinical trials involving children of all ages can generate data that will ultimately close the knowledge gaps and support decision making.For clinical trials that enrol children, the needs are specialised and often resource intensive. Prerequisites for successful paediatric clinical trials are personnel with training in both paediatrics and neonatology and expertise in clinical trials in these populations. Moreover, national and international networks for efficient collaboration, dissemination of information, and sharing of resources and expertise are also needed, together with competent, efficient and high-quality local infrastructure with effective processes. Monitoring and oversight bodies with the relevant competence, including expertise in paediatrics, is also an important prerequisite for paediatric clinical trials. Compromise in any of these components will compromise the downstream results.This paper discusses the structures and competences needed in order to perform effective, high-quality paediatric clinical trials with the ultimate goal of better medicines and treatments for children. We propose a model of examining the process as a series of components that each has to be optimised, then all the components are actively optimised to function together as an ecosystem, and the resulting ecosystem functions well with the general research system and the healthcare delivery system.

scholarly journals EDCrammer: An Efficient Caching Rate-Control Algorithm for Streaming Data on Resource-Limited Edge Nodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunkon Kim ◽  
Eui-Nam Huh
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Streaming Data ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Caching ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Art Research

This paper explores data caching as a key factor of edge computing. State-of-the-art research of data caching on edge nodes mainly considers reactive and proactive caching, and machine learning based caching, which could be a heavy task for edge nodes. However, edge nodes usually have relatively lower computing resources than cloud datacenters as those are geo-distributed from the administrator. Therefore, a caching algorithm should be lightweight for saving computing resources on edge nodes. In addition, the data caching should be agile because it has to support high-quality services on edge nodes. Accordingly, this paper proposes a lightweight, agile caching algorithm, EDCrammer (Efficient Data Crammer), which performs agile operations to control caching rate for streaming data by using the enhanced PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential) controller. Experimental results using this lightweight, agile caching algorithm show its significant value in each scenario. In four common scenarios, the desired cache utilization was reached in 1.1 s on average and then maintained within a 4–7% deviation. The cache hit ratio is about 96%, and the optimal cache capacity is around 1.5 MB. Thus, EDCrammer can help distribute the streaming data traffic to the edge nodes, mitigate the uplink load on the central cloud, and ultimately provide users with high-quality video services. We also hope that EDCrammer can improve overall service quality in 5G environment, Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Internet of Things (IoT), etc.

scholarly journals A 40 Mb/s VLC System Reusing an Existing Large LED Panel in an Indoor Office Environment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1697
Author(s):  
Xicong Li ◽  
Zabih Ghassemlooy ◽  
Stanislav Zvánovec ◽  
Paul Anthony Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Modulation Depth ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Light Sources

With advances in solid-state lighting, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology to enhance existing light-emitting diode (LED)-based lighting infrastructure by adding data communication capabilities to the illumination functionality. The last decade has witnessed the evolution of the VLC concept through global standardisation and product launches. Deploying VLC systems typically requires replacing existing light sources with new luminaires that are equipped with data communication functionality. To save the investment, it is clearly desirable to make the most of the existing illumination systems. This paper investigates the feasibility of adding data communication functionality to the existing lighting infrastructure. We do this by designing an experimental system in an indoor environment based on an off-the-shelf LED panel typically used in office environments, with the dimensions of 60 × 60 cm2. With minor modifications, the VLC function is implemented, and all of the modules of the LED panel are fully reused. A data rate of 40 Mb/s is supported at a distance of up to 2 m while using the multi-band carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. Two main limiting factors for achieving higher data rates are observed. The first factor is the limited bandwidth of the LED string inside the panel. The second is the flicker due to the residual ripple of the bias current that is generated by the panel’s driver. Flicker is introduced by the low-cost driver, which provides bias currents that fluctuate in the low frequency range (less than several kilohertz). This significantly reduces the transmitter’s modulation depth. Concurrently, the driver can also introduce an effect that is similar to baseline wander at the receiver if the flicker is not completely filtered out. We also proposed a solution based on digital signal processing (DSP) to mitigate the flicker issue at the receiver side and its effectiveness has been confirmed.

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