Ionising radiation in urology: consideration of individuals of childbearing age

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Robert W McConkey ◽  
Maura Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Nurse Practitioner ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ionising Radiation ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Dose Limitation ◽  
Pregnancy Status

Nurse referrers of medical ionising radiation (X-ray) are educated to refer appropriately. One particular cohort of patients who warrant special consideration regarding the risks associated with X-ray are individuals of childbearing age. In the context of advanced nurse practitioner practice in urology, these patients attend for removal of ureteric stents and may require an abdominal X-ray. In reaching a decision, ANPs undertake a systematic assessment considering the individual's pregnancy status, as an X-ray of the abdomen, although low dose, carries a much higher risk of teratogenic effects than an X-ray of the extremities. This article considers the risks of ionising radiation in individuals of childbearing age, while paying attention to legislation and the application of the principles of justification, optimisation and dose limitation.

Referral for chest X-ray during pregnancy: considerations and concerns for the registered nurse referrer of medical ionising radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shirley Ingram ◽  
Jennifer Grehan
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Nurse Practitioner ◽  
Acute Chest Pain ◽  
Ionising Radiation ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Harmful Effects

In Ireland, nurse referral of medical ionising radiation has been in practice for 10 years. The chest X-ray is a key investigation for the patient who presents with acute chest pain. For nurses working in the specialty of cardiology, a knowledge of the risk/benefits of the chest X-ray is important for patient care. For the nurse referrer, it is vital to perform in a safe, competent and knowledgeable capacity and, as a cardiology nurse practitioner and referrer of chest X-ray, special consideration must be given to the pregnancy status of all female patients. This article aims to explain the physics of ionising radiation, radiation governance, the principles of X-ray referral and the potential harmful effects on the patient, with a specific focus on nurse referral in women of childbearing age.

Estimation of the noise in TEM image recorded on “imaging plate”

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
T. Oikawa ◽  
N. Mori ◽  
T. Katoh ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Miyahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Quantum Noise ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Total System ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Recording Material ◽  
Highly Sensitive

The “Imaging Plate”(IP) is a highly sensitive image recording plate for X-ray radiography. It has been ascertained that the IP has superior properties and high practicability as an image recording material in a TEM. The sensitivity, one of the properties, is about 3 orders higher than that of conventional photo film. The IP is expected to be applied to low dose techniques. In this paper, an estimation of the quantum noise on the TEM image which appears in case of low electron dose on the IP is reported.In this experiment, the JEM-2000FX TEM and an IP having the same size as photo film were used.Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the total system including the TEM used in this experiment. In the reader, He-Ne laser light is scanned across the IP, then blue light is emitted from the IP.

Interactive multiple area spectrum integration (MASI)

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 942-943
Author(s):  
John A. Hunt ◽  
Richard D. Leapman ◽  
David B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Routine Analysis ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Area Spectrum ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Image Processor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Path

Interactive MASI involves controlling the raster of a STEM or SEM probe to areas predefined byan integration mask which is formed by image processing, drawing or selecting regions manually. EELS, x-ray, or other spectra are then acquired while the probe is scanning over the areas defined by the integration mask. The technique has several advantages: (1) Low-dose spectra can be acquired by averaging the dose over a great many similar features. (2) MASI can eliminate the risks of spatial under- or over-sampling of multiple, complicated, and irregularly shaped objects. (3) MASI is an extremely rapid and convenient way to record spectra for routine analysis. The technique is performed as follows:Acquire reference imageOptionally blank beam for beam-sensitive specimensUse image processor to select integration mask from reference imageCalculate scanning path for probeUnblank probe (if blanked)Correct for specimen drift since reference image acquisition

Factors in Photographic Emulsions for Low Dose Electron Crystallography

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 230-231
Author(s):  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Damage Effect ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Signal Contrast ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Photographic Emulsions

With the advances in preparing biological materials in a thin and highly ordered form, and in maintaining them hydrated under vacuum, electron crystallography has become an important tool for biological structure investigation at high resolution (1,2). However, the electron radiation damage would limit the capability of recording reflections with low intensities in an electron diffraction pattern. It has been demonstrated that the use of a low temperature stage can reduce the radiation damage effect and that one can expose the specimen with a higher dose in order to increase the signal contrast (3). A further improvement can be made by selecting a proper photographic emulsion. The primary factors in evaluating the suitability of photographic emulsion for recording low dose diffraction patterns are speed, fog level, electron response at low electron exposure, linearity, and usable range of exposure. We have compared these factors with three photographic emulsions including Kodak electron microscopic plate (EMP), Industrex AA x-ray film (AA x-ray) and Kodak nuclear track film (NTB3).

scholarly journals Low Dose Soft X‐Ray Remotely Triggered Lanthanide Nanovaccine for Deep Tissue CO Gas Release and Activation of Systemic Anti‐Tumor Immunoresponse

2021 ◽  
pp. 2004391
Author(s):  
Youbin Li ◽  
Mingyang Jiang ◽  
Zhiming Deng ◽  
Songjun Zeng ◽  
Jianhua Hao
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Deep Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Co Gas

Low-dose ionising radiation and cardiovascular diseases – Strategies for molecular epidemiological studies in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Kreuzer ◽  
Anssi Auvinen ◽  
Elisabeth Cardis ◽  
Janet Hall ◽  
Jean-Rene Jourdain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ionising Radiation

scholarly journals Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation With Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation

Dose-Response ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 155932581769753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Kojima ◽  
Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto ◽  
Noriko Shimura ◽  
Hironobu Koga ◽  
Akishisa Murata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Bone Metastasis ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Hormesis ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Dose Radiation

There is considerable evidence from experimental studies in animals, as well as from clinical reports, that low-dose radiation hormesis is effective for the treatment of cancer and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we present 3 case reports that support the clinical efficacy of low-dose radiation hormesis in patients with these diseases. First, a patient with prostate cancer who had undergone surgical resection showed a subsequent increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). His PSA value started decreasing immediately after the start of repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation treatment and remained low thereafter. Second, a patient with prostate cancer with bone metastasis was treated with repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation. His PSA level decreased to nearly normal within 3 months after starting the treatment and remained at the low level after the end of hormesis treatment. His bone metastasis almost completely disappeared. Third, a patient with ulcerative colitis showed a slow initial response to repeated low-dose irradiation treatment using various modalities, including drinking radon-containing water, but within 8 months, his swelling and bleeding had completely disappeared. After 1 year, the number of bowel movements had become normal. Interest in the use of radiation hormesis in clinical practice is increasing, and we hope that these case reports will encourage further clinical investigations.

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