scholarly journals Effects of salinity level on the activity of chloride cell and mucus secreting cell in the gill of the female Shortfin molly, Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Sirirat Sathorn ◽  
◽  
Sinlapachai Senarat ◽  
Jes Kettratad ◽  
Gen Kaneko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Function ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Secreting Cell ◽  
Poecilia Mexicana ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Osmoregulatory Mechanism

Ovoviviparous poeciliid fishes have been relatively well studied in the unique reproductive strategy, but their osmoregulatory system largely remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a short-term (7 days) lab experiment to investigate the effect of different salinity levels from 0 (freshwater) to 50 ppt (mesosaline) on the number of chloride cells and mucus secreting cells of female Poecilia mexicana. The density of chloride cells and mucus secreting cell were also arranged along the epithelial lamellae in wild fish. More interestingly, the average density of chloride cells and the mucus secreting cell were mostly differed between these levels (P < 0.05). Integrative data from our study suggested that the potential function of the osmoregulatory mechanism/strategy was supported by chloride and mucus secreting cells of female P. mexicana gill.

scholarly journals The effect of salinity on osmoregulation and development of the juvenile fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (POEY)

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC. Sterzelecki ◽  
E. Rodrigues ◽  
E. Fanta ◽  
CAO. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Cell Ultrastructure ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Salinity Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Eurihaline fish support waters with different salt concentration. However, numerous studies have shown that salinity can affect fish development. Thus, the effect of salinity change from 20 to 5 and 35 on survival, weight, length, gill chloride cell ultrastructure and gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity was evaluated in Centropomus parallelus following short-term (6, 24 and 96 hours) and long-term exposure (30 and 60 days). Salinity did not affect C. parallelus survival, final weight and length. The quantity of chloride cells increased visibly at salinities of 5 and 35, with the cells exhibiting the typical features of uptake and secretory cells, respectively. Na+, K+ ATPase activity in the gill of the C. parallelus was significantly greater at a salinity of 5 than at a salinity of 20 or 35 after 96 hours, but not after 30 or 60 days. These results indicate that salinity change from high to low salt water induces gill chloride cell and Na+, K+ ATPase activity adaptations after short-term exposure. However, after long-term exposure at salinity 5, gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity is no more necessary at high levels. The increase in salinity to 35 does not induce significant change in gills. Juveniles of C. parallelus may thus be capable of acclimating to salinities of 5 to 35 for 60 days without significant effects on development.

scholarly journals The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt adaptation.

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sardet ◽  
M Pisam ◽  
J Maetz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Resistance Pathway ◽  
Shallow Junctions ◽  
Respiratory Cells

Various species of teleostean fishes were adapted to fresh or salt water and their gill surface epithelium was examined using several techniques of electron microscopy. In both fresh and salt water the branchial epithelium is mostly covered by flat respiratory cells. They are characterized by unusual outer membrane fracture faces containing intramembranous particles and pits in various stages of ordered aggregation. Freeze fracture studies showed that the tight junctions between respiratory cells are made of several interconnecting strands, probably representing high resistance junctions. The organization of intramembranous elements and the morphological characteristics of the junctions do not vary in relation to the external salinity. Towards the base of the secondary gill lamellae, the layer of respiratory cells is interrupted by mitochondria-rich cells ("chloride cells"), also linked to respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. There is a fundamental reorganization of the chloride cells associated with salt water adaptation. In salt water young adjacent chloride cells send interdigitations into preexisting chloride cells. The apex of the seawater chloride cell is therefore part of a mosaic of sister cells linked to surrounding respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. The chloride cells are linked to each other by shallow junctions made of only one strand and permeable to lanthanum. It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells. Chloride cells are characterized by an extensive tubular reticulum which is an extension of the basolateral plasma membrane. It is made of repeating units and is the site of numerous ion pumps. The presence of shallow junctions in sea water-adapted fish makes it possible for the reticulum to contact the external milieu. In contrast in the freshwater-adapted fish the chloride cell's tubular reticulum is separated by deep apical junctions from the external environment. Based on these observations we discuss how solutes could transfer across the epithelium.

Creep and Long-Time Strength of Compression Elements from Foam Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 936-943
Author(s):  
M.V. Novikov ◽  
E.E. Prokshits ◽  
A.N. Goykalov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Foam Concrete ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Strength ◽  
Strength And Deformation ◽  
Acting Load

In this article discusses the mechanical properties of foam concrete, which submitted based on the experimental data of long force resistance and deformation of compression elements from foam concrete. Also submitted criterion range of strength and deformation characteristics of foam concrete different structural modification with taking into account the permanently acting load, which necessary for calculation and design structures of buildings. In article such characteristics of foam concrete as durability and deformability at the age of 28 days by results of short-term tests and also influence of average density and a type of structure on its durability and deformability are considered. Change of mechanical properties of foam concrete in time by results of short-term tests is analyzed and studied. Experimental and theoretical researches which have in turn allowed to recommend for rationing of value of settlement characteristics the foam of concrete taking into account their variability, aging and duration of action of loading are executed.

Branchial Morphological and Endocrine Responses of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a Long-Term Sublethal Acid Exposure In Which Acclimation Did Not Occur

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Audet ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Changes in branchial morphology and in plasma Cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were quantified throughout an 81 -d exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to sublethal acidity (pH 4.8) in artificial soft water and after a 5-h acid challenge (pH 4.0) of naive fish and 81-d acid-preexposed fish. Changes in branchial morphology at pH 4.8 were generally very mild and characterized by slight increases in filamental mucous cells and decreases in lamellar mucous cells. Chloride cell numbers and branchial Na+–K+- and total ATPase activities did not change. The filamental epithelium thickened, but the water–blood diffusion distance in the lamellae decreased during chronic exposure. Cortisol was significantly elevated throughout whereas catecholamines exhibited relatively little response. Response to acute pH 4.0 challenge was similar in naive and 81-d acid-exposed fish: epithelial damage, increase in visible mucous cells, loss of chloride cells by necrosis, and high cortisol levels but no changes in lamellar or filamental epithelial thickness, diffusion distance, ATPase activities, or catecholamine levels. Previously reported physiological data from these same trout demonstrated that sensitization rather than acclimation had occurred. Therefore, these observations support the view that acclimation does not occur in the absence of significant branchial damage and repair.

Angiotensin II receptors in the gill of sea water- and freshwater-adapted eel

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Marsigliante ◽  
A Muscella ◽  
G P Vinson ◽  
C Storelli
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptors ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Ang Ii

ABSTRACT Immunocytochemistry of paraffin-embedded and cryostat sections of eel (Anguilla anguilla) gill showed that angiotensin II receptors (Ang II-R) were present in chloride cells, uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm and on surface membranes. Computerised image analysis of these preparations showed that gills from sea water (SW)-adapted animals had a significantly (3-fold) higher Ang II-R concentration compared with freshwater (FW)-adapted eel gills. Isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis revealed two Ang II-R isoforms with pI 6·5 and 6·6 that were differentially modulated by environmental salinity: they were equally abundant in SW while in FW the pI 6·6/pI 6·5 ratio was 1·66. Using catalytic cytochemistry with image analysis, gill chloride cell membrane Na+/K+ATPase activity was shown to increase 4-fold in response to SW adaptation. Additionally, perfusion of gills for 30 min with 0·1, 10 or with 100 nM Ang II provoked a dose-dependent increment in Na+/K+ATPase activity in FW, and a biphasic response in SW gills in which activity was significantly increased at low Ang II concentrations but was reduced to basal values at 100 nM. The data suggest that adaptation to sea water significantly increases Ang II-R concentration in the chloride cell and, together with the effects of Ang II on Na+/K+ATPase activity, suggest a role for this hormone in gill NaCl retention. The different responses of Na+/K+ATPase to Ang II stimulation in FW and SW may be attributed to the presence of two receptor subtypes that are differently modulated by salinity and that have opposing effects on Na+/K+ATPase.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Salinity Levels on Chloride Cells of Periophthalmus Waltoni’s Epidermis in Connection with NA + / K + / ATPase ion Transporter and NA + / K + / 2CL Cotransporter using Immunohistochemistry Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Morovvati ◽  
Mina Amiri Farahani ◽  
Ali Kalantari Hesari ◽  
Kaveh Esfandiyari ◽  
Mohammad Babaei
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Bony Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Ion Transporter ◽  
Salinity Levels

Abstract Background: The NA+ / K+ / ATPase and NA+ / K+ / 2CL cotransporter are two types of ions transporting proteins that are active in the secretion of chloride in bony fish. So, the level and activity of these transporting proteins are expected to increase in saline water. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different salinity levels on chloride cells of Periophthalmus waltoni’s epidermis in connection with NA+ / K+ / ATPase ion transporter and NA+ / K+ / 2CL cotransporter using immunohistochemistry technique.Results: Simultaneous localization of NA+ / K+ / ATPase and NA+ / K+ / 2CL cotransporter showed that both were simultaneously present in epidermal ion cells and were able to react to different salinity levels. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the model that states, NA+ / K+ / ATPase and NA+ / K+ / 2CL cotransporters are responsible for the secretion of chloride from the chloride cells of bony fish.

scholarly journals Magmatic sill formation during dike opening

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonglan Liu ◽  
W. Roger Buck
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Medium ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Spreading Center ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Magma Intrusion ◽  
Spreading Ridges ◽  
Plate Spreading

The origin of horizontal magma-filled sills is disputed, particularly for extensional settings where the opening of vertical dikes is the predicted mode of magma intrusion. We simulate long-term extension followed by short-term dike opening in a two-dimensional viscoelastic medium representing a plate spreading center. We show that dike opening in extensionally stressed lithosphere can reduce sublithospheric vertical stresses enough for sill opening given three conditions: (1) the Maxwell time of the asthenosphere is &lt;5× the time interval between dike episodes; (2) the average density of the lithosphere is not much greater than the magma density; and (3) the depth of an axial valley is smaller than a few hundred meters. This mechanism explains the presence of sills along much of the axis of faster-spreading ridges and their absence along slower-spreading centers where thick dense lithosphere and/or sizeable axial valleys exist.

Chloride cell subtypes in the gill epithelium of Japanese eelAnguilla japonica

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. R517-R522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris K. C. Wong ◽  
D. K. O. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Mitotic Cells

The purpose of the present study was to characterize chloride cell subtypes in the fish gill and to monitor the kinetic change of cell division in the gill epithelia during seawater adaptation. Employing a three-step Percoll gradient method, the gill chloride cells and nonchloride cell population were isolated. The isolated cells were studied using multiparameter flow cytometry, recording the changes in 1) cell size, 2) cellular granularity, and 3) cell autofluorescence. Two chloride cell subtypes were identified in the freshwater eels. Within 2–4 days after entering seawater, new subtypes of transitory chloride cell, with bigger cell size and more intense mitochondria autofluorescence, appeared. After full adaptation, two major seawater chloride cell subtypes were again discerned; their sizes were the largest and their mitochondria autofluorescence was the highest. In the second part of the experiment, cell cycle analysis demonstrated a progressive increase in the percentage of gill cells entering the DNA synthesis phase during seawater adaptation, where a small population of mitotic cells was identified in the nonchloride cell population but not in chloride cells. We hypothesize that the mitotic cells identified are stem cells, which will ultimately differentiate into seawater chloride cells. Our results confirm the existence of heterogeneity of chloride cells. Individual subtypes could be isolated in high purity for further studies to elucidate their respective function in mediating ion transport.

Cathorops spixii (Pisces) gill study through Scanning Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-709
Author(s):  
D. R. Eiras-Stofella ◽  
E. Fanta ◽  
V. L. P. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Muddy Bottom ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
The One ◽  
Scanning Electron

The scanning electron microscope is very useful for the detail three-dimensional external understanding of structures, such as fish gills, that present varied aspects according to systematic position or to adaptations to the environment. Cathorops spixii lives near to muddy bottom, in brackish water, and was collected from the Paranaguá bay in the south of Brazil. The 4 gill arches, with 2 hemibranchiae each, have primary gill filaments covered with a corrugated epithelium (Figs. 2 and 4). The epithelial cells are also covered with clear parallel ridges. The secondary or respiratory lamellae are well-developed leaflike structures, which become flatter the father they are from the filament tip. Compared to the primary lamella they are formed by a smooth lininig of epithelial cells, each with concentric ridges. The border between the polygonal cells is clearly visible. Some apical openings of chloride cells can be seen between the cells. All these structures are probably adaptations to the environment where the salinity levels may change, and to the needs of a mucous lining for protection against the environment on the one hand, and an increase of the contact surface of the water and the epithelium on the other.

Evidence for a mineralocorticoid-like receptor linked to branchial chloride cell proliferation in freshwater rainbow trout

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (22) ◽  
pp. 3953-3961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Sloman ◽  
Patrick R. Desforges ◽  
Kathleen M. Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Corticosteroid Receptor ◽  
Potent Antagonist ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Hormone

SUMMARY Fish acclimated to ion-deficient water exhibit proliferation of branchial chloride cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of cortisol in this response using the corticosteroid receptor antagonists RU486 and spironolactone. RU486 is a potent antagonist of the glucocorticoid actions of cortisol, whereas spironolactone exhibits high-affinity binding to mineralocorticoid receptors, with a resulting blockade of mineralocorticoid properties in mammals. Untreated rainbow trout, as well as rainbow trout given a single intraperitoneal implant of coconut oil alone, coconut oil containing RU486 (0.5 mg g–1) or coconut oil containing spironolactone (0.1 mg g–1), were exposed to either dechlorinated city-of-Ottawa tapwater or artificial softwater for 7 days. Neither corticosteroid antagonist nor acclimation condition affected circulating plasma cortisol levels, plasma ion concentrations or gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Kidney Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly higher in softwater-acclimated fish than in fish held in dechlorinated tapwater. In addition, whereas RU486 treatment was found to be without effect on gill morphometrics, treatment with spironolactone inhibited the proliferation of chloride cells normally associated with acclimation to ion-deficient water. The results of the present study provide further evidence for the mineralocorticoid actions of cortisol in freshwater fish, specifically in eliciting chloride cell proliferation. Furthermore, these results support the hypothesis that distinct glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor populations are present in teleost fish, despite the apparent absence of the classic mineralocorticoid hormone, aldosterone.

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