Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Kenneth Austin
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Frankfurt Am Main ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
First Time ◽  
Jewish Populations

This chapter summarizes how the Jews of Europe were in a very different position by the end of the seventeenth century compared to where they had been at the start of the sixteenth century. It points out how Spain had still not reversed its policy on Jews while most parts of Europe had become rather more welcoming to Jews in the interim. It also looks into the Jewish communities of Amsterdam, Frankfurt am Main, Prague, and Venice that exceeded 2,000 people for the first time in the seventeenth century, joining other cities, such as Rome that had already achieved that population in the sixteenth century. The chapter recounts how Jewish communities sprung up in places which had not traditionally been a home to Jews, especially in Eastern Europe. It talks about England and France, which had been the first territories to expel their Jewish populations back in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries but had begun to reverse that policy in the seventeenth century.

Printing the Talmud in Poland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

2002 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pilarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Book Market ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Rabbinic Judaism ◽  
Three Generations

This chapter explores Jewish religious print culture in Poland during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. During this period, Jewish printers in Poland established their printing houses in Kraków and Lublin. Jews in the Polish diaspora in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century saw the development of Jewish typography as essential to the normal functioning of Jewish communities everywhere. The members of the communities needed books to study the Torah, and in particular they needed the Talmud — the fundamental work on which rabbinic Judaism is based. The printers in Kraków and Lublin in this period satisfied the needs of the Jewish book market in Poland to a considerable degree while also competing with foreign printers. Jewish typography in Poland, managed by a few families over two or three generations, could not equal that of Venetian printers or later of Dutch printers, who had a much greater influence on culture and economy and served many European communities. Nevertheless, printers in Poland played a significant role in printing the Talmud.

scholarly journals The Duke of Albany's Invasion of England in 1523 and Military Mobilisation in Sixteenth-century Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Neil Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
The Political ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
French And English ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
First Time

In November 1523 a Scottish army, led by John Stewart, duke of Albany, invaded England for the first time since the battle of Flodden. While this was a major campaign, it has largely been ignored in the extensive literature on Anglo-Scottish warfare. Drawing on Scottish, French and English records, this article provides a systematic analysis of the campaign. Although the campaign of 1523 was ultimately unsuccessful, it is the most comprehensively documented Scottish offensive against England before the seventeenth century and the extensive records detailing the expedition advances broader understanding of military mobilisation in medieval and early modern Scotland. While the national mobilisation drive which sought to gather men from across the kingdom was ultimately unsuccessful, the expedition witnessed the most extensive number of French soldiers yet sent to Scotland. Finally, the article considers how an examination of the expedition enhances understanding of regency rule and the political conditions in Scotland in the years after Flodden.

Blaming the messenger: a controversy in late Sanskrit poetics and its implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yigal Bronner ◽  
Gary A Tubb
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Appayya Dīkṣita ◽  
Sanskrit Poetics ◽  
Literary Cultures ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe last active period in the tradition of Sanskrit poetics, although associated with scholars who for the first time explicitly identified themselves as new, has generally been castigated in modern histories as repetitious and devoid of thoughtfulness. This paper presents a case study dealing with competing analyses of a single short poem by two of the major theorists of this period, Appayya Dīkṣita (sixteenth century) and Jagannātha Paṇḍitarāja (seventeenth century). Their arguments on this one famous poem touch in new ways on the central questions of what the role of poetics had become within the Sanskrit world and the way in which it should operate in relation to other systems of knowledge and literary cultures.

Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian version of the Rāmāyaṇa. a review article

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Marrison
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Notes

Mrs. Jacob has provided us with a translation, for the first time in English, of the most important text in classical Cambodian literature, with an introduction and critical notes and lists, which will be of great help to anyone studying the Cambodian text. The Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa was composed anonymously by at least three authors over three centuries, and is divided into two parts. The earliest writer, of the sixteenth century, accounts for about a fifth of the first part, covering the main events of the Bālakāṇḍa and Ayodhyakāṇḍa. It was continued in the seventeenth century with the story up to Rāvaṇa's assembling the remnants of his army for the final battle with Rāma: but Rāvaṇa's death, the rescue of Sītā and her trial by fire, and the triumphant return to Ayodhya, are all missing. The second part of the Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa relates those events from the Uttarakāṇḍa which deal specifically with the later history of Rāma and Sītā: her second rejection and exile, the birth of their two sons, the meeting again, and Sītā's going down into the earth. This part is believed to have been composed in the eighteenth century.

A Spanish Farce of the Early Sixteenth Century

PMLA ◽  
1909 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
J. P. Wickersham Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ciudad Real ◽  
The Press ◽  
Jorge De Montemayor ◽  
First Time

This farce, which is here published for the first time, is found in a collection of manuscript poetry in the Biblioteca Nacional of Madrid with the press mark 2621. It bears number 1239 in Sr. Paz y Melia's catalogue of plays in the Biblioteca Nacional. The handwriting is of the early sixteenth century. The volume contains poems, for the most part anonymous, of the sixteenth century, in Castilian and Catalan. On the first page, in a hand of the seventeenth century, we read: “En este libro ay poesias de Jorge de Montemayor, de Juan Fernandez, de D. Luis Margarit, de D. Luis de Milan, de D. Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, de N. Torrellas, de D. Hernando de Acuña, de Alvaro Gomez de Ciudad Real y de otros autores inciertos.”

scholarly journals ‘Verbal Pictures’ in Seventeenth-Century Orthodox Sermons: Predmova svjašenničeskaja pri šljube malžen’skom in Trebniks, L’viv 1644 and 1645

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Margarita Anatol'evna Korzo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Love Poetry ◽  
First Time

This paper puts forward some hypotheses on the sources of a ‘verbal picture’, that is to say allegorical love poetry, in a prosta mova marriage sample sermon addressed to laity and found in two Orthodox Ritual (Trebnik) editions: the first is by the publisher Michail Slezka (L’viv 1644) and the second by the bishop Arsenij Želiborskij (L’viv 1645). I shall argue that that the very combination of vernacular homiletic material and traditional ecclesiastical rites therein found goes back to sixteenth-century Polish Catholic Rituals; in the Orthodox Church of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this model was introduced for the first time in the Ritual of the Orthodox Brotherhood of Vilnius (1621). The verbal picture analysed in this paper draws on Pictura amoris sive amicitiae, a short moralistic text written by the English Dominican Robert Holсot (ca. 1290-1349) which appears in his exegetical voluminous work In Librum Sapientiae Regis Salomonis Praelectiones ccxiii (ca. 1333-1342). Popular among late thirteenth-early fourteenth century English Dominicans, verbal pictures did not rely on earlier samples and were a literary product, a sort of exemplum or mnemonic tool for preachers to memorize abstract concepts. Since the sixteenth century, works of different genre reproduced Holcot’s verbal picture, without any attribution to its author, as emblem to create the so-called emblemata nuda (‘naked emblems’), which describe images but lack illustrations. The article suggests that the author(-s) of the Orthodox marriage sample sermon used a textbook on rhetoric Orator extemporaneus, seu artis oratoriae breviarium bipartitum by Michael Radau (1617-1687) as his main source, of which several manuscripts had started circulating by 1644. The article also presents some concluding remarks about the authorship of the marriage sample sermon.

scholarly journals Liturgical Paraphernalia and Decor Elements of the Parish Churches of the Diocese of Samogitia in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century

Menotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudas Jovaiša
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Parish Churches ◽  
First Time

The article provides an overview (both in terms of types and amount) of liturgical paraphernalia (vessels, vestments, and processional items), musical instruments (organs and bells), and other items of church interior (pews, candlesticks, chandeliers, commemorative plaques, sacristy furniture, boxes for holy oils, offering boxes, wallpapers, sepulchral banners, and stoups) extant in the parish churches of the diocese of Samogitia in the first half of the seventeenth century. The overview is based on the information contained in visitation acts and inventories due to the fact that only a few material pieces of sacral art dating back to the mentioned period have survived until now. Historical sources enabled a description of the whole repertoire of liturgical paraphernalia of the parish churches of the above-mentioned diocese (in the first half of the seventeenth century) for the first time. The overview reveals some transformations of the older practice, occasionally witnessed in local sources of the sixteenth century. More significantly, it enables future research based on a comparison of the described material with the information contained in wider chronological and geographical (first of all, including the diocese of Vilnius) contexts.

Platonism, Renaissance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hankins
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Marsilio Ficino ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
School Philosophy ◽  
Late Renaissance ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

Though it never successfully challenged the dominance of Aristotelian school philosophy, the revival of Plato and Platonism was an important phenomenon in the philosophical life of the Renaissance and contributed much to the new, more pluralistic philosophical climate of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Medieval philosophers had had access only to a few works by Plato himself, and, while the indirect influence of the Platonic tradition was pervasive, few if any Western medieval philosophers identified themselves as Platonists. In the Renaissance, by contrast, Western thinkers had access to the complete corpus of Plato’s works as well as to the works of Plotinus and many late ancient Platonists; there was also a small but influential group of thinkers who identified themselves as Christian Platonists. In the fifteenth century, the most important of these were to be found in the circles of Cardinal Bessarion (1403–72) in Rome and of Marsilio Ficino (1433–99) in Florence. Platonic themes were also central to the philosophies of Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64) and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94), the two most powerful and original thinkers of the Quattrocento. While the dominant interpretation of the Platonic dialogues throughout the Renaissance remained Neoplatonic, there was also a minority tradition that revived the sceptical interpretation of the dialogues that had been characteristic of the early Hellenistic Academy. In the sixteenth century Platonism became a kind of ‘countercultural’ phenomenon, and Plato came to be an important authority for scientists and cosmologists who wished to challenge the Aristotelian mainstream: men like Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Francesco Patrizi and Galileo. Nevertheless, the Platonic dialogues were rarely taught in the humanistic schools of fifteenth-century Italy. Plato was first established as an important school author in the sixteenth century, first at the University of Paris and later in German universities. In Italy chairs of Platonic philosophy began to be established for the first time in the 1570s. Though the hegemony of Aristotelianism was in the end broken by the new philosophy of the seventeenth century, Plato’s authority did much to loosen the grip of Aristotle on the teaching of natural philosophy in the universities of late Renaissance Europe.

Jewish Theatre in Poland

2003 ◽  
pp. 71-92
Author(s):  
Michael C. Steinlauf
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe

This chapter investigates how theatre found a place in pre-modern Jewish societies. This was nearly exclusively a result of its association with the Jewish holiday of Purim. Closely linked to the celebration of Purim in Ashkenazi communities at least as early as the mid-sixteenth century was the performance of a Purim play, or purim-shpil. The actors were yeshiva students or artisans; dressed as non-Jews and where necessary as women, the purim-shpilers marched through town, performing their play in the wealthier Jewish homes, occasionally on an improvised stage. In eastern Europe, by the nineteenth century, the purim-shpil had become the property of the lower classes; it was often staged annually by the same group of players, with parts and even costumes passed down from father to son. Some of these groups travelled and performed in neighbouring towns. The earlier purim-shpils were apparently skits parodying local events; from the mid-seventeenth century, they began to be based on biblical stories.

Marrano Poets of the Seventeenth Century

1982 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

The story of the Marranos (the Jewish converts to Christianity in Spain and Portugal) has long been a source of fascination for Jews interested in their heritage and for all those concerned with the struggle for freedom of conscience against authoritarianism. This book presents selected works of three Marrano poets, together with translations into English and explanatory notes. Each of the poets is introduced with a biography and brief critical assessment. The general introduction provides the historical and literary background of their works and examines the inter-relationship between the Jewish and Christian cultural elements. A balanced picture is given of the Marranos and the process of Jewish re-education they had to undergo in order to reach their goal of integration with authentic Judaism in the Jewish communities outside the Iberian Peninsula. The poets—João Pinto Delgado, Antonio Enríquez Gómez, and Miguel de Barrios—are presented as exemplifying three different “paths to Judaism.” Each poet shares a sense of guilt over his past observance of Christianity and endeavors to reach out towards the authentic sources of the Jewish tradition, to invest his writings with a greater cultural depth. The poems have been selected to give a representative view of each individual poet’s experience and particular literary talents. The general reader is provided with insight into their significance and purpose, and the specialist reader will gain from finding the writings of three little-known poets of similar background brought together for the first time and set in context.

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