From Missionary Writings to Chinese Christian Texts: An Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloë Starr
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
Matteo Ricci ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Theological Training

Chapter One presents three texts from the late sixteenth and early to mid seventeenth centuries to show the evolution from a Chinese language to a Chinese-authored theology. The theology of the early encounters of Chinese with Christianity was naturally strongly influenced by missionaries’ own backgrounds and theological training, tempered over time by their improved grasp of Chinese language and understanding of what was most helpful or acceptable to their audience. As missionaries’ appreciation of Chinese literary texts developed, and as Chinese Christians began writing their own philosophical essays or evangelistic tracts, the form and scope of the dialogue evolved. The three texts discussed in Chapter One (catechisms by Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Ricci and a record of conversations between missionaries and Li Jiubiao and other late Ming scholars) trace the development from missionary to Chinese theology.

scholarly journals Islam and the Other: A Study on the Image of The Other in Early Muslim Societies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-292
Author(s):  
Cemal Özel
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
Over Time

In this study, the Byzantine image in the religious and literary texts produced by Muslim societies in the first four centuries of the Hijra has been examined in terms of historical process. To this end, first, a theoretical basis has been established within the framework of the concepts of identity, difference, other, and othering. Then, the imagery of Byzantium is analyzed through the interpretation of the first five verses of the Surah Rûm, with regards to naming, politics, religion, culture, science, philosophy, art and women's descriptions. The main argument of the study is that the Byzantine image of Muslims cannot be addressed independent of the relationships established with Byzantium. From a historical point of view, it is seen that the image of Byzantium, which was initially positive, turned into negative depending on the course of relations and was balanced over time in terms of change, while the style and content of political and political imagery varied, there is very little variation in descriptions of social life with regards to Constantinople, Byzantine craftsmanship, family life and women. While the Qur'an and the Sunnah culture formed the basis of the Byzantine perception in the early days, political developments became dominant over time. On the other hand, Muslims did not deal with Byzantium in a monolithic, shallow and reductive way, but they used the distinction between “us” and “them” to improve the image of Islam and reinforce Muslim identity.

scholarly journals The past, present and future of Chinese MA theses in Interpreting Studies: A scientometric survey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyun Xu
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Over Time

This paper takes a scientometric approach to examining one of Chinese Interpreting Studies’ (CIS) most productive sources of research, MA theses, with the aim of answering the following questions: How has the discipline changed over time? What fields and theories influence it? And what are its most common research themes? The study’s comprehensive corpus of nearly 1,300 Chinese-language theses addresses a data-based limitation faced by earlier scholars. A range of state-of-the-art statistical techniques have made it possible to detect patterns in CIS that are difficult to tease out by human hand and eye alone. The field has grown rapidly in recent years and is now producing a steady and consistent stream of research: the majority of students in China draw inspiration from theories within Translation Studies, but no particular theories or topics have grown more popular over time. Despite this consistency, CIS remains a complex and dynamic field of academic enquiry.

scholarly journals Interpreting Lived Experience through Writing Online in a Graduate Seminar

1944 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Clare Courtland ◽  
John Novak ◽  
Gail LaFleur ◽  
Ken McClelland ◽  
Steve R. Sider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Autobiographical Narratives ◽  
Interpretive Community ◽  
Graduate Seminar ◽  
Writing Strategy ◽  
Online Format ◽  
Over Time

Participants in an online doctoral seminar participated in the use of a writing strategy to explore the sociocultural contexts of their lived experience. Creating literary texts in three forms was an effective strategy in mediating participants' understanding. Each form provided a new lens through which to interpret experience. Participants functioned as an interpretive community. The final papers, autobiographical narratives, illuminated the complex relations among prediscursive experience, reflection on experience, distancing, and the iterative transformational quality of time. The online format embodied a virtual interpretive location which allowed participants to revisit texts and postings over time.

Orality and literacy in ancient Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 957-970
Author(s):  
Jacqueline E. Jay
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Oral Performance ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Many ◽  
Over Time

Ancient Egypt has long been recognized for its importance as one of the world’s earliest ‘literate’ societies. However, it is only relatively recently that modern scholarship has begun to emphasize pharaonic Egypt’s ties to its pre-literate, prehistoric past and the many ways in which oral modes of behaviour continued to influence Egyptian society throughout the Pharaonic period and beyond. The educational process through which individuals were trained to read and write was itself heavily dependent upon oral recitation. Ritual and literary texts were intended for oral performance, and legal and business documents served to record an oral act. Over time, however, we do find a movement towards the independent use of such documentary texts as binding in their own right. The Ptolemaic and Roman periods witnessed particularly significant change, with writing being mobilized in new ways to support the foreign government’s control of a conquered population.

Leśmian’s Dreaded Dryads and their Slavic contexts (literary and otherwise

Tekstualia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Żaneta Nalewajk
Keyword(s):  
Literary Texts ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Newborn Children

Amongst other female characters within the literary works of Bolesław Leśmian, we can fi nd the dziwożony (dreaded dryads) – demons from Slavic mythology inhabiting wetlands or forests, which are considered malicious and dangerous, because they kidnap newborn children and replace them with their own offspring. These characters were presented as wild women with long hair and breasts so saggy that they would use them as washing paddles. Analyzing literary texts from the 19th and early 20th centuries written by Polish authors (Seweryn Goszczyński, Michał Bałucki, Miron [Aleksander Michaux], Maria Konopnicka, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Wiktor Gomulicki), Czech (Karel Jaromír Erben) and Russian writers (Konstantin Balmont), I would like to show how the representations of these female demons have changed over time and how Bolesław Leśmian stylized them in the poem Dziwożona and in the prose fragment Podlasiak, from the volume Klechdy Polskie.

Implicit Meaning of Chinese Vocabulary on Colors in Five Elements Elucidating Socio-Cultural Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Kritsadee Songkhai
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Opera ◽  
New Words ◽  
The World ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Culture And Language

The Chinese words on colors do not only indicate types of colors, but also implicit the elucidating socio-cultural context. Colors in the Chinese language represent good and bad terms. For example, the makeup color of the Chinese opera show assigns the character wearing red makeup as a symbol of loyalty, justice, power, wealth, or high rank. Red contains most of the excellent and positive definition. On the other hand, the character wearing white means a person who is dangerous, cunning, and dishonest. These are some examples of how Chinese people use colors to represent meaning. Moreover, Chinese vocabularies are also communicated through alphabets and created to new words that hide beliefs and culture of the use of color as well.This research aims to study the “Implicit Meaning of Chinese Vocabulary on Colors in Five Elements Elucidating Socio-cultural Context.” China is a fascinating country in culture and language. Besides, Chinese is a language used by many people as the top three in the world. This research studies 5 Chinese color words, which are red, black, white, green, and yellow. The methodology is to analyze words through the example vocabularies by describing and collecting from books, journals, and articles. For an instant, Red in Chinese culture is the color of fortune. Therefore, red words are used to create new words that relate to prosperity, such as 开门红(kāi mén hóng)means opening to welcome good things or 红红火火(hóng hóng huǒ huǒ)which is a wish for prosperity and, often used for business. As a result, it can be seen that the study of Chinese color terms is not only about colors, but these words also link to beliefs and cultures over time until many new words are created. It is the use of color words mixed into new vocabulary to reflect the ideas, beliefs, and cultures. We can study Chinese culture through color vocabulary very well.

scholarly journals Internal and External Mechanisms of Englishization: Changes in Marked and Unmarked Chinese Passive Constructions

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 319-338
Author(s):  
Liulin Zhang ◽  
Luke Amoroso
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
Concomitant Decrease ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Over Time

The Chinese language is changing, and like other languages, has been becoming more like English. This article focuses on the Englishization (Europeanization) of certain Chinese passive constructions. Previous research indicates that written Chinese has seen an increase in the use of the 被 bèi passive construction (BEIC) and a concomitant decrease in use of the notional passive construction (NPC) over time. This assertion is supported by a corpus-based analysis. An apparent-time research study shows that, in general, younger, more educated participants (those hypothesized to have more exposure to English) are more likely to use BEIC than are older, less educated participants in the sentence continuation task. However, this difference between groups is not captured in the binary forced choice task due to the increased use of BEIC under a conscious condition by the older, less educated participants. This finding sheds light on the psychological mechanism of internalization involved with Englishization.

Manchu Language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten Söderblom Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Language Pedagogy ◽  
Inner Asia ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Over Time

The Manchu language was the language of state in the Qing empire, which ruled China and large parts of Inner Asia from 1644 to 1911. For much of its history, it was used by communities in which Chinese was also spoken and written, but Manchu is a Tungusic language that is unrelated to Chinese. Its implementation in China and maintenance as the administrative language of core elements of the Qing imperial bureaucracy prompted the development of a Manchu education system and a tradition of bilingual Manchu-Chinese language pedagogy. Long before upwardly mobile individuals in China from the late 19th century onward committed to the study of the languages of the industrialized West and Japan, numerous Chinese-speaking servants of the Qing throne applied themselves to the study of Manchu. Over time, not only a voluminous government archive accrued in Manchu but also a literature in several genres that consisted largely of translations from Chinese. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Manchu ceased to be a vernacular language in many areas where it had been previously spoken. It remained in use longest on parts of the imperial periphery, even beyond the fall of the Qing empire itself. Both as an administrative language and as a vernacular, Manchu survived into the tumultuous new century. Over time, however, it was supplanted by Chinese in most places. Yet dialects of Manchu remain spoken by small communities as of the early 21st century.

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