scholarly journals For everything there was a season: phenological shifts in the Tetons

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 11-47
Author(s):  
Trevor Bloom ◽  
Corinna Riginos ◽  
Donal O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
First Flowering Date ◽  
Photo Collection ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Around the world, phenology — the timing of ecological events — is shifting as the climate warms. This can lead to a variety of consequences for individual species and entire ecological communities. Grand Teton National Park biologists have identified this topic (“effect of earlier plant flowering on pollinators and wildlife”) as one of their priority research needs. We assembled phenological observations of first flowering dates for 49 species collected by Frank Craighead, Jr. in the 1970s, before significant warming occurred. In 2016 we began standardized phenological observations of these same species, plus an additional 61 for a total of 110 species, in the same locations. First flowering date for 65% of the species with historic records correlated significantly with mean spring temperature; these species are therefore expected to flower earlier now than in the 1970s. Early spring flowers had the largest shifts in phenology, emerging an average of 21 days earlier now relative to the 1970s. Yet not all species are emerging earlier. In particular, phenology of late summer/early fall flowering plants was largely unchanged. In 2017, we initiated pollinator collections at our key phenology sites. Additional years of observations will allow us to better understand plant-pollinator interactions and identify potential phenological mismatches.   Featured photo by Shawna Wolf, taken from the AMK Ranch photo collection.

scholarly journals For everything there was a season: phenological shifts in the Tetons ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 31-69
Author(s):  
Trevor Bloom ◽  
Corinna Riginos ◽  
Donal O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Climatic Drivers ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Photo Collection ◽  
Local Weather

Phenology — the timing of ecological events — is shifting as the climate warms. Grand Teton National Park biologists have identified this topic (“effect of earlier plant flowering on pollinators and wildlife”) as one of their priority research needs. To address this, we assembled phenological observations of first flowering dates for 48 species collected by Frank Craighead, Jr. in the 1970 and 80s. We hypothesized many species would be flowering earlier now. In 2016 we began standardized observations in the same locations targeting the same species plus 62 for a total of 110. We compare four years of contemporary to historic observations to demonstrate shifts in phenology, and use local weather data to identify the key climatic drivers. The largest effect is observed in early spring flowers, which are blooming ~17 days earlier. Mid-summer flowers bloom ~12 days earlier, and berries bloom ~7 days earlier. Not all species are emerging earlier, particularly late summer flowering plants. Also individual species within these functional groups differ in their responses. The greatest drivers of early spring and mid-summer flowering are average spring temperature (March, April, May) and the day of snow melt timing. Late summer flowers respond more to the accumulation of Growing Degree Days.   Featured photo by Shawna Wolf, taken from the AMK Ranch photo collection.

scholarly journals For everything there was a season: phenological shifts within the flora of the Tetons

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Trevor Bloom ◽  
Corinna Riginos
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Science Program ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phenological Changes ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
First Flowering Date

Around the world, phenology — the timing of ecological events — is shifting as the climate warms. This can lead to a variety of consequences for individual species and entire ecological communities, most notably when asynchronies develop between plants and animals that depend upon each other (e.g. nectar-consuming pollinators). Grand Teton National Park biologists have identified this topic (“effect of earlier plant flowering on pollinators and wildlife”) as one of their priority research needs. We have gathered, digitized, and quality-controlled phenological observations of first flowering dates collected by Frank Craighead, Jr. in the 1970s, before significant warming occurred. First flowering date for 87% of a 72-species data set correlates significantly with spring temperatures in the 1970s, suggesting that these plants should now be flowering earlier and will continue to flower earlier in the future. This year we began standardized phenological observations of these 72 species in the same location and initiated a citizen science program. Our proposed next steps are to: (1) gather and analyze further historical records of plant phenology; (2) conduct 3-5 additional years of contemporary observations; (3) link plant phenological changes with potential cascading impacts on pollinators and foragers; (4) model phenology under future climate change scenarios; and (5) implement a long-term citizen science program in the Tetons.   Featured photo by Shawna Wolf, taken from the AMK Ranch photo collection.

scholarly journals A biodiversity hotspot for Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in North America: annotated species checklist for Ottawa, Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 1-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Fernandez-Triana ◽  
Caroline Boudreault ◽  
Joel Buffam ◽  
Ronald Maclean
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Annotated Checklist ◽  
First Time

Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the city of Ottawa and its surroundings (a 50-km radius circle, ~7,800 km2) were studied based on 1,928 specimens collected between 1894 and 2010, and housed in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. A total of 158 species from 21 genera were identified, which is by far the highest number of species ever recorded for a locality in North America. An annotated checklist of species is provided.Choerasparasitellae(Bouché, 1834) andPholetesornanus(Reinhard, 1880) are recorded for the first time in the Nearctic (previously only known from the Palearctic region),Cotesiadepressa(Viereck, 1912) is recorded for the first time in Canada (previously only known from the United States), andCotesiahemileucae(Riley, 1881) andProtapantelesphlyctaeniae(Muesebeck, 1929) are recorded for the first time in the province of Ontario. In Ottawa the most diverse genera areCotesia,Apanteles,Microplitis,Pholetesor,Microgaster, andDolichogenidea, altogether comprising 77% of the species found in the area. A total of 73 species (46%) were represented by only one or two specimens, suggesting that the inventory for Ottawa is still relatively incomplete. Seasonal distribution showed several peaks of activity, in spring, summer, and early fall. That general pattern varied for individual species, with some showing a single peak of abundance either in the summer or towards the end of the season, others species attaining two peaks, in late spring and late summer, or in early summer and early fall, and yet others attaining up to three different peaks, in spring, summer and fall. At least 72 of the Microgastrinae species from Ottawa have been previously associated with 554 species of Lepidoptera as hosts – but those historical literature records are not always reliable and in many cases are based on data from areas beyond Ottawa. Thus, our knowledge of the associations between the 158 species of microgastrine parasitoids and the caterpillars of the 2,064 species of Lepidoptera recorded from Ottawa is still very incomplete.

AIR-BORNE POLLEN SURVEYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Bassett ◽  
C. W. Crompton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Results from 17 pollen collecting stations in British Columbia indicate that air-borne pollen of ragweeds and their relatives, the principal causative agents of hay fever in North America, is practically absent throughout the province. Coniferous trees and shrubs such as pines, spruces, firs, cedars, Douglas fir, hemlocks and junipers produce the greater part of the air-borne pollen from March to early July. Pollen from alders, poplars, willows and birches is also prevalent in some areas in the early spring. The peak periods of grass pollen near the United States–Canadian border occur mainly in June and the early part of July, while further north they are about a month later. Of the four types of plantain pollen identified from the different collecting stations, English plantain was the most common, especially in the southwesterly part of the province. Pollen from the lambs’-quarters and amaranth families and wormwoods occurs mainly in the late summer and early fall and is more abundant in the dry interior than along the coast.

A quantitative assessment of the reproductive biology of Cyclonaias tuberculata (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Haggerty ◽  
Jeffrey T. Garner ◽  
George H. Patterson ◽  
Lannis C. Jones Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tennessee River ◽  
Early Fall

Two hundred and thirty-three purple wartyback unionids (Cyclonaias tuberculata) were collected approximately monthly over a 31-month period from Kentucky Reservoir (Tennessee river mile 201.3), Tennessee, between August 1988 and February 1991. An equal sex ratio and only one case of hermaphroditism were discovered. Histological examinations showed that spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurred throughout the year except during late summer and early fall. "Typical" spermatogenesis was most evident between May and July. Spawning occurred between early spring (March–April) and late summer (August). Brooding variation among females was shown by the presence of embryos in the suprabranchial chambers and gills between early April and late August. Brooding was short term, as indicated by mature larvae being found in the outer demibranchs between early July and late August. Full demibranchs were never found, possibly indicating that the study took place during years of poor reproductive performance.

scholarly journals On the temporally flexible structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. CaraDonna ◽  
Nickolas M. Waser
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractEcological communities consist of species that are joined in complex networks of interspecific interaction. The interactions that networks depict often form and dissolve rapidly, but this temporal variation is not well integrated into our understanding of the causes and consequences of network structure. If interspecific interactions exhibit temporal flexibility across time periods over which organisms co-occur, then the emergent structure of the corresponding network may also be temporally flexible, something that a temporally-static perspective would miss. Here, we use an empirical system to examine short-term flexibility in network structure (connectance, nestedness, and specialization), and in individual species interactions that contribute to that structure. We investigated weekly plant-pollinator networks in a subalpine ecosystem across three summer growing seasons. To link the interactions of individual species to properties of their networks, we examined weekly temporal variation in species’ contributions to network structure. As a test of the potential robustness of networks to perturbation, we also simulated the random loss of species from weekly networks. We then compared the properties of weekly networks to the properties of cumulative networks that aggregate field observations over each full season. A week-to-week view reveals considerable flexibility in the interactions of individual species and their contributions to network structure. For example, species that would be considered relatively generalized across their entire activity period may be much more specialized at certain times, and at no point as generalized as the cumulative network may suggest. Furthermore, a week-to-week view reveals corresponding temporal flexibility in network structure and potential robustness throughout each summer growing season. We conclude that short-term flexibility in species interactions leads to short-term variation in network properties, and that a season-long, cumulative perspective may miss important aspects of the way in which species interact, with implications for understanding their ecology, evolution, and conservation.

scholarly journals Florida Edible Garden Plants: Hops (Humulus lupulus)

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Climbing Plants ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Garden Plants ◽  
One Year

Hops are perennial, herbaceous climbing plants commonly cultivated for their strobiles or cones (Figure 1). The cones are often used for flavoring and aroma in food, tea, and beer (Burgess 1964). Hops can make a unique addition to a home garden or landscape. It grows rapidly in the early spring to late summer. Plants reach a mature height of 18–25 feet in one year and produce cones from mid-summer to early fall. This 2-page fact sheet was written by Brian J. Pearson, and published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, October 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep488

Predatory-Phase Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2007-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. H. Johnson ◽  
William C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Early Fall

Incidentally caught predatory-phase sea lampreys were obtained from the commercial fisheries of the Laurentian Great Lakes, together with related catch data, in return for a reward offered to fishermen. Catches of sea lampreys per unit of fishing effort in Lake Superior generally paralleled other indices of sea lamprey abundance. Recently metamorphosed sea lampreys tended to appear early in the season in deepwater fisheries, typically those directed toward cisco (Coregonus spp.), whereas older specimens were taken more often in gear set at shallower depths during summer and fall. The proportion of male sea lampreys in the collections decreased annually between spring and fall, due apparently to a shoreward movement of the males. Large lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) appeared to be the preferred prey of the sea lamprey. From studies of the stomach contents, sea lamprey feeding activity appeared to reach a peak in late summer or early fall, thereafter declining until the cessation of feeding in early spring. Growth rate reached a maximum in late summer or early fall. Greatest length was attained between January and March, after which a decrease in length was observed. Predatory-phase sea lampreys remained concentrated near the mouths of their parent streams if sufficient numbers of prey were present. Their distribution in the Great Lakes was related to the location of prey.Key words: sea lamprey, predation, Great Lakes fishery

Detection of Indigenous Enteric Viruses in Raw Sewage Effluents of the City of Athens, Greece, During a Two Year Survey

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krikelis ◽  
P. Markoulatos ◽  
N. Spyrou ◽  
Ch Serie
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Concentration Step ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
The City ◽  
Coxsackie B

In a two year survey of enteric viruses in urban sewage effluents of Athens, Greece, during 1982–1983, indigenous Enteroviruses and Adenoviruses have been detected. Enteroviruses, (Polio, Coxsackie B and Echo) were recovered on Vero or BGM cells by inoculation of samples, after a pre-concentration step utilizing glass powder. Adenoviruses were recovered on Hep2 cells after being Precipitated with protamine sulfate. The viral content was in the order of 102 -103 cytopathogenic units (CPU) per litre of sample. Seasonal fluctuations of the various serotypes recovered were observed. The peak of Adenoviruses was found in early spring whereas Enteroviruses peaked in late summer-early fall. The most frequently recovered serotypes within each group were : Polio III (47%), Coxsackie B5 (56%), Echo 7 (61%) and Adeno 7 (43%). Similar isolation frequencies, except for Polio, were found in humans as well. As regards Polioviruses, all strains recovered from sewage were found to be vaccine-related by the intratypic serodifferentiation test.

scholarly journals Relationship between variability of the semidiurnal tide in the Northern Hemisphere mesosphere and quasi-stationary planetary waves throughout the global middle atmosphere

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 4239-4256 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Xu ◽  
A. H. Manson ◽  
C. E. Meek ◽  
T. Chshyolkova ◽  
J. R. Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Planetary Waves ◽  
Semidiurnal Tide ◽  
Opposite Hemisphere ◽  
Linear Interaction ◽  
Early Fall

Abstract. To investigate possible couplings between planetary waves and the semidiurnal tide (SDT), this work examines the statistical correlations between the SDT amplitudes observed in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mesosphere and stationary planetary wave (SPW) with wavenumber S=1 (SPW1) amplitudes throughout the global stratosphere and mesosphere. The latter are derived from the Aura-MLS temperature measurements. During NH summer-fall (July–October), the mesospheric SDT amplitudes observed at Svalbard (78° N) and Eureka (80° N) usually do not show persistent correlations with the SPW1 amplitudes in the opposite hemisphere. Although the SDT amplitudes observed at lower latitudes (~50–70° N), especially at Saskatoon (52° N), are often shown to be highly and positively correlated with the SPW1 amplitudes in high southern latitudes, these correlations cannot be sufficiently explained as evidence for a direct physical link between the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter-early spring SPW and NH summer-early fall mesospheric SDT. This is because the migrating tide's contribution is usually dominant in the mid-high latitude (~50–70° N) NH mesosphere during the local late summer-early fall (July–September). The numerical correlation is dominated by similar low-frequency variability or trends between the amplitudes of the NH SDT and SH SPW1 during the respective equinoctial transitions. In contradistinction, during NH winter (November–February), the mesospheric SDT amplitudes at northern mid-high latitudes (~50–80° N) are observed to be significantly and positively correlated with the SPW1 amplitudes in the same hemisphere in most cases. Because both the SPW and migrating SDT are large in the NH during the local winter, a non-linear interaction between SPW and migrating SDT probably occurs, thus providing a global non-migrating SDT. This is consistent with observations of SDT in Antarctica that are large in summer than in winter. It is suggested that climatological hemispheric asymmetry, e.g. the SH and NH winter characteristics are substantially different, lead to differences in the inter-hemispheric SPW-tide physical links.

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