SOIL BULK DENSITY, SOIL STRENGTH, AND REGENERATION OF A BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD SITE ONE YEAR AFTER HARVEST

Reducing soil compaction is now an important issue in agriculture due to intensive use of farm machinery in different farm operations. This experiment was designed to study the influence of combinations of external load and soil water on soil compaction. Four soil water levels were combined with four external loads as follows: soil water—air-dry, 50% of field capacity, field capacity, and saturation; external load using different-sized tractors—no load (0 kg), small tractor (2638 kg), medium tractor (3912 kg), and large tractor (6964 kg). Soil bulk density, soil strength, and soil water infiltration rate were measured at 0–100, 100–200, and 200–300 mm soil depths. The 16 treatments were set up in a randomised block design with three replications. Combined increases in soil water and external load increased soil compaction, as indicated by increasing soil bulk density and soil strength and decreasing soil water infiltration rate. There was no significant interaction between soil water and external load for bulk density at all soil depths, but the interaction was significant for soil strength and infiltration rates at all soil depths. The ratio between the weight of the external load and the surface area of contact between the external load and the ground was important in determining the degree of surface soil compaction. Least compaction was produced by the medium tractor because it had the highest tyre/ground surface area contact. In general, the effects of soil water and external load on increasing soil bulk density and soil strength were greater in the topsoil than the subsoil.

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Impacts of harvesting and postharvest treatments on soil bulk density, soil strength, and early growth of Pinus taeda in the Gulf Coastal Plain: a Long-Term Soil Productivity affiliated study

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-248 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 601-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mason C Carter ◽

Thomas J Dean ◽

Ziyin Wang ◽

Ray A Newbold

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Pinus Taeda ◽

Weed Control ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Strength ◽

Gulf Coastal Plain ◽

The Impact

At four sites in the Gulf Coastal Plain, mechanical whole-tree harvesting (MWT) removed more biomass and nutrients than hand-fell bole-only harvesting (HFBO). Soil compaction and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) regeneration growth varied among sites. At one location, MWT increased soil bulk density by 0.1 Mg·m3, from 1.14 to 1.24 Mg·m3, with no effect on tree growth. At a second location, where bulk density increased by 0.1 Mg·m3, from 1.41 to 1.51 Mg·m3, pine growth was reduced significantly. Soil strength at 1520 cm depth increased by 0.30.5 MPa at both locations. However, where MWT reduced pine growth, herbaceous weed control mitigated the effect. Fertilization with N and P, where P was limiting, increased pine growth irrespective of other treatments. Where P was not limiting, addition of a complete fertilizer reduced the mitigating effect of weed control. Bedding reduced soil compaction without improving early tree growth; however, bedding was not tested on the two sites where soil compaction appeared to be at critical levels. Broadcast burning increased survival but reduced pine growth irrespective of harvesting method. Our results suggest that the impact of intensive management on site productivity varies among sites, is potentially accumulative, and is subject to change over time.

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Soil compaction induced by careful logging in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec (Canada)

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s97-032 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 197-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

S. Brais ◽

C. Camiré

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Strength ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Site Productivity ◽

Wheel Track

Soil compaction induced by forest harvesting operations can reduce site productivity. Intensity, extent and persistence of soil compaction were assessed on fine- to medium- and coarse-textured soils. Severe compaction took place in the wheel track section of the skid trails. On fine- to medium-textured soils, half of the effects on the 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm mineral soil bulk densities (+11 and +8%) and half of the changes in the 10-cm depth soil strength (+69%) occurred in the course of the first two skidding cycles (cycle of half impact). On coarse soils, half of the effect on the 0- to 10-cm bulk density (+11%) occurred during the first three passes. Cycles of half impact for soil strength were 9, 14, 7 and 6 for the 2.5-, 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths and corresponded to increases of 235, 402, 157 and 103% respectively. Compaction was more limited between track sections of trails. Six to twelve years following clearcutting on fine- to medium-textured soils, 0- to 10-cm soil bulk density was less in the skid trails than on the undisturbed sections of cutovers. Careful logging on moist, fine- to medium-textured soils is the safest way to limit the extent of soil compaction. On coarse-textured soils, spreading the traffic remains a valid option. Key words: Soil compaction, bulk density, soil strength, forest harvesting, careful logging

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Grazing impacts on bulk density and soil strength in the foothills fescue grasslands of Alberta, Canada

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss95-078 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 551-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

David S. Chanasyk ◽

M. Anne Naeth

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Short Duration ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Strength ◽

Depth Interval ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Continuous Grazing ◽

Grazing Intensities ◽

Cone Index

Alberta foothills fescue grasslands are very productive ecosystems but there is concern that the traditional season-long (continuous) grazing regimes may be leading to soil deterioration due to compaction and increased soil strength. The objectives of this study were to quantify grazing effects on soil bulk density and soil strength of sloped areas in the Alberta foothills fescue grasslands at the Agriculture Canada Stavely Range Substation. The effects of two grazing intensities (heavy and very heavy) for two treatments (short duration and continuous) on these two parameters were compared to an ungrazed control. Soil bulk density and soil water to a depth of 7.5 cm were measured with a surface water/density gauge. Soil strength was measured with a hand-pushed cone penetrometer to a depth of 45 cm. Cone index, the maximum penetration resistance in a given depth interval, was used as a measurement parameter for soil strength.Grazing affected both soil bulk density and penetration resistance. Even short-duration treatments affected these soil properties, although their effects were similar for both heavy and very heavy grazing intensities. Distinction between heavy and very heavy continuous grazing treatments was clear for both bulk density and penetration resistance, with the very heavy treatment having the greatest detrimental effect on these two soil parameters for all treatments. Bulk density and soil strength values were always lowest in the spring after snowmelt and highest late in the growing season, reflecting the water status of these ecosystems. Identical treatment rankings were obtained using bulk density and penetration resistance, but cone index was a more sensitive indicator of the effects of grazing than bulk density. Key words: Grazing, fescue grasslands, bulk density, soil strength

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MEASUREMENT AND PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL BULK DENSITY FOR LOESS IN EXTREME ARID REGION

Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1140.2010.02127 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 127-132

Author(s):

Jinbo ZAN ◽

Shengli YANG ◽

Xiaomin FANG ◽

Xiangyu LI ◽

Yibo YANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Arid Region ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Paleoclimatic Significance

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Errors in Soil Bulk Density and Water Content Measurements With Gamma Ray Attenuation

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700030048x ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 485-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Stroosnijder ◽

J. G. de Swart

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Gamma Ray Attenuation

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Spatial and temporal variation in soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity and its influencing factors along a 500 km transect

CATENA ◽

10.1016/j.catena.2021.105592 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 207 ◽

pp. 105592

Author(s):

Yali Zhao ◽

Yunqiang Wang ◽

Xingchang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Temporal Variation ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation

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Machine-Learning Classification of Soil Bulk Density in Salt Marsh Environments

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134408 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4408

Author(s):

Iman Salehi Hikouei ◽

S. Sonny Kim ◽

Deepak R. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Remote Sensing ◽

Salt Marsh ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Marsh Soil ◽

Landsat 7 ◽

Salt Marsh Soil

Remotely sensed data from both in situ and satellite platforms in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR, 400–2500 nm) regions have been widely used to characterize and model soil properties in a direct, cost-effective, and rapid manner at different scales. In this study, we assess the performance of machine-learning algorithms including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting machines (XGBoost), and support vector machines (SVM) to model salt marsh soil bulk density using multispectral remote-sensing data from the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) platform. To our knowledge, use of remote-sensing data for estimating salt marsh soil bulk density at the vegetation rooting zone has not been investigated before. Our study reveals that blue (band 1; 450–520 nm) and NIR (band 4; 770–900 nm) bands of Landsat-7 ETM+ ranked as the most important spectral features for bulk density prediction by XGBoost and RF, respectively. According to XGBoost, band 1 and band 4 had relative importance of around 41% and 39%, respectively. We tested two soil bulk density classes in order to differentiate salt marshes in terms of their capability to support vegetation that grows in either low (0.032 to 0.752 g/cm3) or high (0.752 g/cm3 to 1.893 g/cm3) bulk density areas. XGBoost produced a higher classification accuracy (88%) compared to RF (87%) and SVM (86%), although discrepancies in accuracy between these models were small (<2%). XGBoost correctly classified 178 out of 186 soil samples labeled as low bulk density and 37 out of 62 soil samples labeled as high bulk density. We conclude that remote-sensing-based machine-learning models can be a valuable tool for ecologists and engineers to map the soil bulk density in wetlands to select suitable sites for effective restoration and successful re-establishment practices.

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