Modeling Soil Erosion by Overland Flow: Application Over a Range of Hydraulic Conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. B. Proffitt ◽  
P. B. Hairsine ◽  
C. W. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions

The effect of rainfall intensity on soil erosion and particulate phosphorus transfer from arable soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fraser ◽  
T. R. Harrod ◽  
P. M. Haygarth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Flow Monitoring

Soil erosion, in the form of transported suspended sediment in overland flow, is often associated with high rates of particulate phosphorus (PP) (total P>0.45 μm) transfer from land to watercourses. Particulate P may provide a long-term source of P for aquatic biota. Twenty-two sites for winter overland flow monitoring were selected in south-west England within fields ranging from 0.2–3.8 ha on conventionally-managed arable land. Fields were situated on highly porous, light textured soils, lacking impermeable horizons and often overlying major aquifers. Long arable use and modern cultivation methods result in these soils capping under rain impact. Overland flow was observed when rainfall intensity approached the modest rate of 0.8 mm hr−1 on land at or near to field capacity. Low intensity rainfall (<2 mm hr−1) produced mean suspended sediment losses of 14 kg ha−1 hr−1, with associated PP transfer rates of 16 g ha−1 hr−1. In high intensity rainfall (>9 mm hr−1) mean PP losses of 319 g ha−1 hr−1 leaving the field were observed. As might be expected, there was a good relationship between PP and suspended sediment transfer in overland flow leaving the sites. The capacity of light soils to cap when in arable use, combined with heavy or prolonged rainfall, resulted in substantial discharges, soil erosion and associated PP transfer. Storms with heavy rain, typically of only a few hours duration, were characterised by considerable losses of PP. Such events, with return periods of once or twice a winter, may account for a significant proportion of total annual P transfer from agricultural soils under arable crops. However, contributions from less intense rain with much longer duration (around 100 hours per winter in many arable districts of the UK) are also demonstrated here.

Impact of vegetative cover and slope on runoff, erosion, and water quality for field plots on a range of soil and spoil materials on central Queensland coal mines

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carroll ◽  
L. Merton ◽  
P. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Mine Sites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Field Plots

In 1993, a field study commenced to determine the impact of vegetative cover and slope on runoff, erosion, and water quality at 3 open-cut coal mine sites. Runoff, sediment, and water quality were measured on 0.01-ha field plots from 3 slope gradients (10, 20, 30%), with pasture and tree treatments imposed on soil and spoil material, and 2 soil and spoil plots left bare. The greatest soil erosion occurred before pasture cover established, when a large surface area of soil (>0.5 plot area) was exposed to rainfall and overland flow. Once buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) colonised soil plots, there were negligible differences in soil erosion between slope gradients. On spoil, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) reduced in situ soluble salt content, and reduced runoff electrical conductivity to levels measured in surrounding creeks. Where spoil crusted there was poor vegetative growth and unacceptably large runoff and erosion rates throughout the study.

Geo-informatics based Morphometric Analysis of a Reservoir Catchment in Shivalik Foothills of North-West India

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 286-299
Author(s):  
Mahesh Chand Singh ◽  
Rohit Singh ◽  
Abrar Yousuf ◽  
Vishnu Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Alos Palsar ◽  
Bifurcation Ratio ◽  
Runoff Potential ◽  
Drainage Texture

The present study examined 35 morphometric parameters related to stream/drainage network, catchment geometry, and relief aspects for hydrological characterization of the Thana Dam catchment using geospatial tools and techniques. The dam catchment was delineated using the high-resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in ArcGIS 10.4.1 software using the Arc Hydro tools. The catchment is comprised of 4th order stream, obtained using a stream threshold value of 100 m length. The lower values of elongation ratio (0.61), circularity ratio (0.22), and form factor (0.29) indicated higher soil erosion potential, mainly due to their inverse relationship with land erodibility. Moreover, the higher values of stream frequency (15.7), drainage density (>5.0), drainage texture (7.48 km-1), and mean bifurcation ratio (4.08-6.33) indicated higher runoff potential, which would intensify the soil erosion, mainly due to their direct relationship with erodibility. Bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio, form factor, altogether indicated an elongated shape of the catchment with a fine drainage texture. The higher values of bifurcation ratio and texture ratio of the catchment also indicated severe overland flow (low infiltration rate) with a limited scope for groundwater recharge in the area, which in turn might significantly encourage the soil erosion. Overall, it was concluded that the catchment has a huge runoff potential resulting in high soil erosion due to its fine texture, impermeable subsurface material, steep slope, low infiltration rate, limited vegetation, longer duration of overland flow, and higher surface runoff. The morphometric analysis was found to be suitable for identifying catchment shape and the factors affecting hydrologic conditions and erodibility of the catchment. Thus, Geo-informatics based morphometric analysis of a reservoir catchment can be useful to study the erosion potential in relation to hydrologic (rainfall-runoff relationship) and other related land characteristics (e.g., relief, slope, infiltration rate, etc.).

Quantification of Hortonian overland flow generation and soil erosion in a Central European low mountain range using rainfall experiments

CATENA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Butzen ◽  
M. Seeger ◽  
S. Wirtz ◽  
M. Huemann ◽  
C. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Central European ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Low Mountain Range

Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Singer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.

Erosion and sediment transport models with reference to the needs of small scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Raza ◽  
Thomas Gaiser ◽  
Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman ◽  
Hella Ahrends
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Erosion Prediction ◽  
Dynamic Components ◽  
Output Information

<p>Information on field scale soil erosion and related sedimentation process is very important for natural resource management and sustainable farming. Plenty of models are available for study of these processes but only a few are suitable for dynamic small scale soil erosion assessments. The available models vary greatly in terms of their input requirements, analysis capabilities, process [t1] complexities, spatial and temporal scale of their intended use, practicality, the manner they represent the processes, and the type of output information they provide. The study aims in examining, theoretically, 51 models classified as physical, conceptual, and empirical based on their representation of the processes of soil erosion. The literature review shows that there is no specific model available for soil erosion prediction under agroforestry systems.   It is further suggested that models like EPIC, PERFECT, GUEST, EPM, TCRP, SLEMSA, APSIM, RillGrow, and CREAMS can be potentially used for soil erosion assessment at plot/field scale at daily time steps. Most of these models are capable to simulate the soil erosion process at small scale; further model development is needed regarding their limitations with respect to components interaction i.e., rainfall intensity, overland flow, crop cover, and their difficulties in upscaling. The research suggested that SIMPLACE network can provide modules with LintulBiomass, HillFlow, Runoff to develop new dynamic components to simulate overland flow and soil erosion incorporating improved upscaling capabilities</p>

Soil erosion and runoff in improved pastures of the Clwydian Range, North Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. JAMES ◽  
R. W. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
North Wales

Studies of soil erosion in upland and marginal upland Britain are reviewed. Processes affecting soil erosion and runoff are described in marginal upland improved pastures of differing age in the Clwydian Hills, including one which was cultivated twice during the study period. A Gerlach-type trough was designed for trapping sediment and filtered runoff from bounded plots and for operating under grazing. Erosion and runoff amounts are interpreted in the light of ground cover, rainfall amounts and intensity, the action of grazing stock and other animals, and other influences. The chief erosion processes are the action of animals and surface wash by unconcentrated overland flow; no rilling occurred. The significance of particle size of eroded sediment is discussed.

Overland Flow and Soil Erosion

2010 ◽  
pp. 181-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise J. Bracken
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow

Wildfire Impacts on Soil-Erosion and Hydrology in Wet Mediterranean Forest, Portugal

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Shakesby ◽  
CDA Coelho ◽  
AD Ferreira ◽  
JP Terry ◽  
RPD Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The Agueda Basin, north-central Portugal is comparatively wet (rainfall, 1600-1800 mm/yr) with frequent, relatively large storms in autumn and winter yet the summer drought is sufficiently long and consistent for frequent forest wildfires. This paper discusses wildfire impacts in such a wet Mediterranean environment on soil hydrophobicity, infiltration capacity, overland flow coefficients, soil loss, rainsplash detachment and small-scale ground level changes for Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster forest: (1) 0-2 years after fire ('new' burn); (2) 3-4 years after fire ('old' burn); and (3) 'mature' (or long unburnt) sites. For 'new' burn sites, rainsplash detachment rates are an order of magnitude and soil losses two orders of magnitude higher than for 'old' burn sites and both are two orders of magnitude higher than for 'mature' sites. Soils are hydrophobic in all three categories of sites, but infiltration capacities are lower at 'new' burn and 'old' burn than at 'mature' sites. Overland flow coefficients on long unburnt sites were low while on burnt sites they were high and tended to be higher for summer and autumn than for winter and spring, implying enhanced hydrophobicity under summer drought conditions, causing decreased infiltration capacity and increased overland flow. The distinctiveness of fire effects on soil erosion and hydrology in this wet Mediterranean environment and implications for post-fire management are discussed.

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