scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Feedlot Surface Materials as Affected by Diet, Moisture, Temperature, and Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-582
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Woodbury ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
David B. Parker ◽  
Bobbi S. Stromer
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Confined Animal Feeding Operations ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Surface Materials ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. A laboratory study was conducted to measure the effects of diet, moisture, temperature, and time on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from feedlot surface materials (FSM). The FSM were collected from open-lot pens where beef cattle were fed either a dry-rolled corn (DRC) diet containing no wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) or a DRC diet containing 35% WDGS. The FSM were collected, air-dried or mixed with 3.0 L of water to represent dry or wet conditions, and then incubated at temperatures of 5°C, 15°C, 25°C, or 35°C. Static flux chambers were used to quantify GHG emissions over a 14-day period. Flux data for each diet × moisture combination were analyzed using repeated measures in time. The largest GHG emissions occurred under wet conditions at temperatures of 25°C and 35°C. Flux values for these conditions typically were significantly greater than measurements obtained on the same day at 5°C and 15°C. Mean emissions under wet conditions for CO2, CH4, and N2O were 35, 121, and 278 times greater, respectively, than emissions from dry FSM. The 0% WDGS diet produced mean CO2 and N2O flux measurements that were 1.8 and 1.5 times greater, respectively, than those obtained for the 35% WDGS diet. The 35% WDGS diet, in contrast, produced a mean CH4 emission rate that was 6 times greater than the 0% WDGS diet. Management for GHG mitigation should include design and/or maintenance of pen drainage to speed drying as well as the use of modified animal diets. Keywords: Air quality, Carbon dioxide, Confined animal feeding operations, Drainage, Emission rates, Feedlot, Greenhouse gas, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Pen design.

GHG mitigation potential of agricultural management practises on mineral and organic soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saara Lind ◽  
Marja Maljanen ◽  
Merja Myllys ◽  
Mari Räty ◽  
Sanna Kykkänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Effect On Yield

<p>Agricultural soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To study these emissions, we are currently building three research platforms that consist of full eddy covariance instrumentation for determination of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide. These platforms will be completed with supporting weather, plant and soil data collection. Two of our platforms are sites on organic soils with a thick peat layer (>60 cm) and the third one is on a mineral soil (silt loam). To study the role of the grassland management practises at these sites, we have initiated ORMINURMI-project. Here, we will characterise the effects of ground water table (high vs. low), crop renewal methods (autumn vs. summer) and plant species (tall fescue vs. red glover grass) on greenhouse gas budgets of grass production. Also effect on yield amount and nutrient quality will be determined. In this presentation, we will present the preliminary data collected at these research platforms and our plans for the use of these data in the coming years.</p>

scholarly journals Prioritising agri-environment options for greenhouse gas mitigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Warner ◽  
John Tzilivakis ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Kathleen Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
Lower Priority

Purpose This paper aims to assess agri-environment (AE) scheme options on cultivated agricultural land in England for their impact on agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It considers both absolute emissions reduction and reduction incorporating yield decrease and potential production displacement. Similarities with Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) introduced in 2015 as part of the post-2014 Common Agricultural Policy reform, and their potential impact, are considered. Design/methodology/approach A life-cycle analysis approach derives GHG emissions for 18 key representative options. Meta-modelling is used to account for spatial environmental variables (annual precipitation, soil type and erosion risk), supplementing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology. Findings Most options achieve an absolute reduction in GHG emissions compared to an existing arable crop baseline but at the expense of removing land from production, risking production displacement. Soil and water protection options designed to reduce soil erosion and nitrate leaching decrease GHG emissions without loss of crop yield. Undersown spring cereals support decreased inputs and emissions per unit of crop yield. The most valuable AE options identified are included in the proposed EFAs, although lower priority is afforded to some. Practical implications Recommendations are made where applicable to modify option management prescriptions and to further reduce GHG emissions. Originality/value This research is relevant and of value to land managers and policy makers. A dichotomous key summarises AE option prioritisation and supports GHG mitigation on cultivated land in England. The results are also applicable to other European countries.

A review of whole farm-system analysis in evaluating greenhouse-gas mitigation strategies from livestock production systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rawnsley ◽  
Robyn A. Dynes ◽  
Karen M. Christie ◽  
Matthew Tom Harrison ◽  
Natalie A. Doran-Browne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Level ◽  
Food Demand ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Global Food

Recognition is increasingly given to the need of improving agricultural production and efficiency to meet growing global food demand, while minimising environmental impacts. Livestock forms an important component of global food production and is a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. As such, livestock production systems (LPS) are coming under increasing pressure to lower their emissions. In developed countries, LPS have been gradually reducing their emissions per unit of product (emissions intensity; EI) over time through improvements in production efficiency. However, the global challenge of reducing net emissions (NE) from livestock requires that the rate of decline in EI surpasses the productivity increases required to satisfy global food demand. Mechanistic and dynamic whole farm-system models can be used to estimate farm-gate GHG emissions and to quantify the likely changes in farm NE, EI, farm productivity and farm profitability as a result of applying various mitigation strategies. Such models are also used to understand the complex interactions at the farm-system level and to account for how component mitigation strategies perform within the complexity of these interactions, which is often overlooked when GHG mitigation research is performed only at the component level. The results of such analyses can be used in extension activities and to encourage adoption, increase awareness and in assisting policy makers. The present paper reviews how whole farm-system modelling has been used to assess GHG mitigation strategies, and the importance of understanding metrics and allocation approaches when assessing GHG emissions from LPS.

scholarly journals Informing urban climate planning with high resolution data: the Hestia fossil fuel CO2 emissions for Baltimore, Maryland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Scott Roest ◽  
Kevin R Gurney ◽  
Scot M Miller ◽  
Jianming Liang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Self ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Atmospheric Monitoring

Abstract Background: Cities contribute more than 70% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and are leading the effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through sustainable planning and development. However, urban greenhouse gas mitigation often relies on self-reported emissions estimates that may be incomplete and unverifiable via atmospheric monitoring of GHGs. We present the Hestia Scope 1 fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions for the city of Baltimore, Maryland – a gridded annual and hourly emissions data product for 2010 through 2015 (Hestia-Baltimore v1.6). We also compare the Hestia-Baltimore emissions to overlapping Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory for 2014. Results: The Hestia-Baltimore emissions in 2014 totaled 1487.3 kt C (95% confidence interval of 1,158.9 – 1,944.9 kt C), with the largest emissions coming from onroad (34.2% of total city emissions), commercial (19.9%), residential (19.0%), and industrial (11.8%) sectors. Scope 1 electricity production and marine shipping were each generally less than 10% of the city’s total emissions. Baltimore’s self-reported Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions included onroad, natural gas consumption in buildings, and some electricity generating facilities within city limits. The self-reported Scope 1 FFCO2 total of 1,182.6 kt C was similar to the sum of matching emission sectors and fuels in Hestia-Baltimore v1.6. However, 20.5% of Hestia-Baltimore’s emissions were in sectors and fuels that were not included in the self-reported inventory. Petroleum use in buildings were omitted and all Scope 1 emissions from industrial point sources, marine shipping, nonroad vehicles, rail, and aircraft were categorically excluded.Conclusions: The omission of petroleum combustion in buildings and categorical exclusions of several sectors resulted in an underestimate of total Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory. Accurate Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions, along with Scope 2 and 3 emissions, are needed to inform effective urban policymaking for system-wide GHG mitigation. We emphasize the need for comprehensive Scope 1 emissions estimates for emissions verification and measuring progress towards Scope 1 GHG mitigation goals using atmospheric monitoring.

scholarly journals Toward a Low-Carbon Transport Sector in Mexico

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge M. Islas-Samperio ◽  
Fabio Manzini ◽  
Genice K. Grande-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Ghg Mitigation

Considering that the world transport sector is the second largest contributor of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy use and the least decarbonized sector, it is highly recommended that all countries implement ambitious public policies to decarbonize this sector. In Mexico the transport sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions, in 2014 it contributed with 31.3% of net emissions. Two original scenarios for the Mexican transport sector, a no-policy baseline scenario (BLS) and a low carbon scenario (LCS) were constructed. In the LCS were applied 21 GHG mitigation measures, which far exceeds the proposals for reducing transport sector GHG emissions that Mexico submitted in its National Determined Contributions (NDC). As a result, the proposed LCS describes a sector transformation path characterized by structural changes in freight and passenger mobility, new motor technologies for mobility, introduction of biofuels, price signals, transportation practices and regulations, as well as urban planning strategies, which altogether achieve an accumulated reduction of 3166 MtCO2e in a 25 year period, producing a global net benefit of 240,772 MUSD and a GHG emissions’ reduction of 56% in 2035 in relation to the BLS.

scholarly journals Embedded Seed Technology and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions: A Meta-Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanier Nalley ◽  
Michael Popp ◽  
Zara Niederman
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Seed Technology ◽  
Input Use ◽  
Physiological Quality

Agriculture's significant global contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has spurred consumer and retailer interest in GHG mitigation and may lead to incentive programs for producers to lessen GHG emissions. Along those lines, a producer choice is the use of embedded seed technology designed to enhance the marketable portion of yield through improved disease, weed, and pest management with the same or lower use of inputs. This article examines commonalities and differences across three recent studies on rice, sweet corn, and cotton, which addressed the impacts of embedded seed technology on yield, input use, and GHG emissions. Embedded seed technology can be any method of improving the physical or genetic characteristics of a seed. These seed enhancements can include physiological quality, vigor, and synchronicity (consistency across seedlings in time of emergence and size) through traditional breeding, hybrid breeding, or biotechnology.

scholarly journals Alternative-Fuel-Vehicle Policy Interactions Increase U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Jenn ◽  
Inês Azevedo ◽  
Jeremy Joseph Michalek
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

The transportation sector is currently the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States, and light-duty vehicles produce the majority of transportation emissions. Federal standards for fleet-averaged vehicle GHG emission rates and their corresponding corporate average fuel economy standards cap GHG emissions of the US light-duty vehicle fleet. In addition, two key policies aim to encourage a future fleet transition to alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) technologies: (1) incentives that treat AFVs favorably in the federal GHG standard, and (2) state zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) policy, which mandates AFV sales in some states. While each of these AFV policies can encourage AFV adoption, we show that net GHG emissions increase when both policies are present simultaneously. Specifically, we estimate changes in life cycle GHG emissions and gasoline consumption, relative to a pure federal fleet GHG standard (without AFV incentives or mandates), resulting from the introduction of (1) AFV incentives in federal fleet GHG policy, (2) state ZEV mandates, and (3) the combination of the two. We find that under fairly general conditions the combined AFV policies produce higher GHG emissions than either policy alone. This result is a consequence of state mandates increasing AFV sales in the presence of federal incentives that relax the fleet GHG standard when AFVs are sold. Using AFV sales projections from the Energy Information Administration and the California Air Resources Board, we estimate that the combined policies produce an increase on the order of 100 million tons of CO2 emissions cumulatively for new passenger cars sold from 2012 through 2025 relative to a pure GHG standard. AFV incentives in the GHG standard conflate policy goals by encouraging AFV adoption at the cost of higher fleet GHG emissions, and they permit even higher fleet GHG emissions when other policies, such as the ZEV mandate, increase AFV adoption.

scholarly journals Methodology for Quantitative Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction of Solar-Powered Wi-Fi

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2829
Author(s):  
Samah Temim ◽  
Farid Bensebaa ◽  
Larbi Talbi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Solar Powered

In this paper, a modeling framework to quantify the reduction of potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when using solar-powered Wi-Fi as an internet access point is developed and tested. This framework includes newly developed MATLAB code and the use of the ATOLL tool for energy consumption and network optimization, respectively. A practical case study is described with scenarios enabling different signal coverage on a university campus. These scenarios are based on technical requirements, including number of access points, budget link, and access duration. Four hundred tons of GHG can be reduced each year if solar Wi-Fi is deployed in solar campuses, which represents 5.5 × 10−5 percent of the total GHG produced by the telecommunications sector. A direct relationship between the number of access points and coverage signal quality on the one hand and energy consumption on the other hand is established. We use this case study to forecast the potential GHG mitigation if a wider deployment of the community Wi-Fi is achieved. This methodology could also be used to estimate GHG reductions when other wireless technologies are deployed.

scholarly journals NDCmitiQ v1.0.0: a tool to quantify and analyse greenhouse gas mitigation targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 5695-5730
Author(s):  
Annika Günther ◽  
Johannes Gütschow ◽  
Mairi Louise Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
External Time

Abstract. Parties to the Paris Agreement (PA, 2015) outline their planned contributions towards achieving the PA temperature goal to “hold […] the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 ∘C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ∘C” (Article 2.1.a, PA) in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Most NDCs include targets to mitigate national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which need quantifications to assess i.a. whether the current NDCs collectively put us on track to reach the PA temperature goals or the gap in ambition to do so. We implemented the new open-source tool “NDCmitiQ” to quantify GHG mitigation targets defined in the NDCs for all countries with quantifiable targets on a disaggregated level and to create corresponding national and global emissions pathways. In light of the 5-year update cycle of NDCs and the global stocktake, the quantification of NDCs is an ongoing task for which NDCmitiQ can be used, as calculations can easily be updated upon submission of new NDCs. In this paper, we describe the methodologies behind NDCmitiQ and quantification challenges we encountered by addressing a wide range of aspects, including target types and the input data from within NDCs; external time series of national emissions, population, and GDP; uniform approach vs. country specifics; share of national emissions covered by NDCs; how to deal with the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) component and the conditionality of pledges; and establishing pathways from single-year targets. For use in NDCmitiQ, we furthermore construct an emissions data set from the baseline emissions provided in the NDCs. Example use cases show how the tool can help to analyse targets on a national, regional, or global scale and to quantify uncertainties caused by a lack of clarity in the NDCs. Results confirm that the conditionality of targets and assumptions about economic growth dominate uncertainty in mitigated emissions on a global scale, which are estimated as 48.9–56.1 Gt CO2 eq. AR4 for 2030 (10th/90th percentiles, median: 51.8 Gt CO2 eq. AR4; excluding LULUCF and bunker fuels; submissions until 17 April 2020 and excluding the USA). We estimate that 77 % of global 2017 emissions were emitted from sectors and gases covered by these NDCs. Addressing all updated NDCs submitted by 31 December 2020 results in an estimated 45.6–54.1 Gt CO2 eq. AR4 (median: 49.6 Gt CO2 eq. AR4, now including the USA again) and increased coverage.

scholarly journals White Certificates and White Certificate Trading Schemes as greenhouse gas mitigation policy options for South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Emily Tyler ◽  
Michelle Du Toit ◽  
Zelda Burchell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
White Certificates

AbstractEnergy efficiency activities driven by White Certificate Trading schemes (WCT) achieve the objective of conserving energy, and in most circumstances, also that of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential therefore exists that both objectives could be targeted by a single policy mechanism. Energy efficiency activities are important from a GHG mitigation perspective as they represent some of the least costly GHG mitigation activities available to economies. However, there are some significant differences between the use of a direct policy instrument to target GHG emissions mitigation, and the use of an indirect instrument such as WCT, whose direct policy objective is to achieve energy efficiency. Most importantly, WCT utilises intensity targets, whereas GHG mitigation is required by science to comprise absolute reductions. International experience does however suggest that white certificates can be fully fungible with a GHG mitigation policy instrument such as an emissions trading scheme, as long as double counting rules are firmly in place, and the design of the schemes are compatible.Given that 80 percent of the South African GHG emissions are energy related, with energy efficiency measures in industry, commerce and the residential sector representing the bulk of negative cost mitigation options available in the economy, energy efficiency has an important role to play in the country’s mitigation strategy.This paper presents results on research into WCT as a policy option for South Africa conducted in 2008 and presented at the Climate Change Summit 2009.  It investigates in particular the Electricity Conservation Scheme (ECS) as an option for incorporating a WCT mechanism.There is limited experience and therefore analysis on WCS available to date, and even less on the potential interaction and linkages of WCS and emissions trading schemes. This paper therefore identifies significa

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