scholarly journals Environmental Conditions and Gas Concentrations in Deep-Pit Finishing Cattle Facilities: A Descriptive Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Erin L. Cortus ◽  
Brian P. Hetchler ◽  
Mindy J. Spiehs ◽  
Warren C Rusche
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Total N ◽  
Floor Level ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

HighlightsTemperature and air movement in the naturally ventilated barns correlated to ambient conditions.Manure N-P-K values related to solids distribution in the manure storage.Ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations increased with closer proximity to the manure surface.Influences of manure properties, airflow conditions, barn design, and management were evident for gas concentrations.Abstract. There is a lack of data to describe the range of environmental and air quality conditions in beef cattle confinement buildings with deep-pit manure storage. The objective of this article is to describe the environmental conditions, manure nutrient concentrations, and aerial gas concentrations for three deep-pit manure storage finishing beef cattle facilities and varying weather conditions. Measurements were collected from three barns finishing beef cattle with deep pits in Minnesota on three sampling days per barn in summer, fall, and spring weather conditions. The air temperatures throughout the barns closely mirrored the ambient temperature conditions, although significantly lower temperatures were sometimes evident at the manure surface or in the inlet opening. However, the manure and floor surfaces had 2°C and 5°C temperature increases over ambient temperatures. Air speeds through the barn openings were generally 40% of the ambient wind speed; at animal level, the average air speed was 1 to 3 m s-1. Manure nutrient distributions were not consistent between the surface and agitated (whole pit) samples, and this was likely due in part to solids distribution in the storage. Total nitrogen levels ranged from 4.5 to 6.7 g L-1, and ammonium-N was 50% to 65% of total N in agitated whole-pit samples. Phosphate and potassium oxide levels ranged from 2.8 to 4.2 g L-1 and from 3.7 to 4.5 g L-1, respectively. Aerial ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations varied by location within a barn, pen, and season. Ammonia and combined sulfur increased with proximity to the manure surface. Higher ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations at manure level and floor level for one of the three barns may have related to water quality and/or feed composition and resulting manure nutrients, in addition to warmer temperatures. At floor level, the greatest average ammonia concentration was 8.5 ppm, and 3.9 ppm at nose level. Maximum combined sulfur levels were a maximum of 270 ppb at floor level in summer conditions in one of the barns, while 52 ppb was the maximum average during spring conditions. Carbon dioxide levels also varied by location within a barn, pen, and season and were related in part to the presence of cattle in the pen. This project is the first to quantify air quality in slatted-floor cattle barns and contributes to a body of knowledge that can be used to develop process-based models for estimating air emissions from cattle facilities. Keywords: Airflow, Ammonia, Beef cattle, Confinement, Hydrogenslfide, Manure characteristics, Temperature.

Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Different Types of Livestock and Poultry Manure During Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1723-1733
Author(s):  
Zhiping Zhu ◽  
Lulu Li ◽  
Hongmin Dong ◽  
Yue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Manure Storage

HighlightsCarbon and nitrogen gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics.The main GHG contributor for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and broiler manure was methane.The main GHG contributor for laying hen manure was nitrous oxide (N2O).N2O emissions of the five types of manure were comparable with the IPCC recommended value.Abstract. Livestock manure management is an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from agriculture. Large amounts of manure are produced in China, while little research is available on the gas emission characteristics from different manure sources. The GHG and NH3 emissions from pig manure (PM), dairy cattle manure (DCM), beef cattle manure (BCM), layer manure (LM), and broiler manure (BM) during storage were monitored using the dynamic emission chamber method to compare the differences in gas emission characteristics among the five manure types and elucidate the key factors causing the differences. The results indicated that C and N gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics. The total CO2-eq (without CO2) emissions from PM, DCM, BCM, LM, BM were, respectively, 49.98 ±3.53, 1160.4 ±55.22, 692.16 ±42.98, 61.99 ±1.92, and 72.52 ±3.45 g per kg of dry basis manure during 77-day storage. The main GHG contributor for DCM, BCM, and BM was methane (CH4), accounting for 65% to 94%, and the main GHG contributor for LM was nitrous oxide (N2O). For PM, CH4 and N2O contributed equally to the total emissions. The N2O emissions of the five manure types were 0.002 to 0.013 kg N2O-N kg-1 N and were comparable with the IPCC recommended value. Keywords: Ammonia, Animal manure, Emission, Methane, Nitrous oxide.

AIR QUALITY OF SWINE WEAN-FINISH FACILITIES WITH DEEP-PIT AND PULL-PLUG-LAGOON MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.Y. Zhao ◽  
R. Manuzon ◽  
M. Brugger ◽  
G. Arnold ◽  
and Roger Bender
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Manure Storage

A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
Charlotte A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

AbstractTwo experiments have been carried out to compare silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle, and to examine the effect of supplementing the silage-based diet with additional protein. The three diets used in experiment 1 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with a low-protein, cereal-based concentrate (98 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)) (2) grass silage supplemented with a high-protein, cereal/soya-bean meal concentrate (208 g CP per kg DM) and (3) grass hay supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate (130 g CP per kg DM). The two diets used in experiment 2 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with barley and (2) a mixture of grass hay and artificially dried grass supplemented with barley. All the diets contained approximately 700 g forage and 300 g concentrates per kg DM except diet 3 in experiment 1 which contained 240 g hay and 760 g concentrates per kg. The silages were of high digestibility (digestible organic matter in dry matter 0·72) and were well preserved (ammonia N 36 g/kg total N). The diets were offered to castrated male cattle which were initially 384 kg in experiment 1 and 515 kg in experiment 2. For diets 1 to 3 in experiment 1 and diets 1 and 2 in experiment 2 respectively metabolizable energy intakes were, 92, 94, 94, 124 and 120 MJ/day; live-weight gains were 1·21, 1·16 and 1·21 (s.e. 0·044) and 1·25 and 1·22 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day; carcass gains were 0·76, 0·76 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·034) and 0·80 and 0·74 (s.e. 0·036) kg/day; carcass fat classifications (five-point scale; 1 = leanest, 5 = fattest) were 2·4, 2·9 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·09) and 3·6 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·18); mean subcutaneous fat depths were 6·8, 8·1 and 6·6 (s.e. 0·74) and 7·8 and 7·4 (s.e. 0·48) mm; areas of m. longissimus dorsi at the 10th rib were 66·4, 69·4 and 71·3 (s.e. 3·16) and 77·6 and 72·3 (s.e. 1·52) cm2 and marbling scores (eight-point scale; 1 = leanest, 8 = fattest) for m. longissimus were 1·7, 2·5 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·24) and 3·2 and 2·8 (s.e. 0·16). It is concluded that performance, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass fatness were similar for silage-based and dried forage-based diets, and that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance but tended to increase carcass fatness.

The effect of supplementing silage-based diets with soya bean and fish meals for finishing beef cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

ABSTRACTTwo experiments have been carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of finishing beef cattle of supplementing grass silages (perennial ryegrass) of medium and high digestibility (MD and HD respectively) with either extracted soya-bean meal or fish meal. In each experiment, the two silages were supplemented with (1) barley (107 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)), (2) a mixture of barley and soya-bean meal (187 g CP per kg DM) and (3) a mixture of barley and fish meal (182 g CP per kg DM) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. The MD silages were supplemented with 4·5 kg concentrates per head daily in each experiment and the HD silages with 2·75 and 2·5 kg per head daily in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In experiments 1 and 2 respectively the diets were offered to 72 and 60 castrated male cattle of late maturing breed type which were initially 455 (s.e. 3·6) and 484 (s.e. 3·2) kg live weight; the MD silages contained 642 and 652 g digestible organic matter (DOM) per kg DM, 119 and 114 g CP per kg DM, 72 and 68 g NH3N per kg total N, and the HD silages contained 698 and 724 g DOM per kg DM, 158 and 148 g CP per kg DM, 58 and 51 g NH3N per kg DM. In experiment 1 for the MD silages supplemented with concentrates 1, 2 and 3 and the HD silages supplemented with concentrates 1, 2 and 3 respectively silage DM intakes were 5·47, 5·29, 5·24, 6·86, 6·77 and 6·76 (s.e. 0·129) kg/day; carcass gains 0·76, 0·74, 0·72, 0·75, 0·75 and 0·79 (s.e. 0·011) kg/day; subcutaneous fat depths 6·8, 7·8, 8·0, 9·2, 7·2 and 7·1 (s.e. 0·59) mm and areas of m. longissimus 21·5, 21·7, 23·2, 21·5, 22·4 and 21·9 (s.e. 0·78) mm2/kg carcass weight. Corresponding values for experiment 2 were 6·12, 6·05, 6·18, 7·65, 7·53 and 7·36 (s.e. 0·235) kg/day; 0·82, 0·88, 0·83, 0·85, 0·89 and 0·83 (s.e. 0·042) kg/day; 8·1, 7·8, 7·5, 9·1, 8·3 and 7·4 (s.e. 0·77) mm; 22·8, 21·9, 21·9, 21·0, 21·9 and 21·7 (s.e. 0·79) mm2/kg carcass weight. It is concluded that supplementation of MD or HD grass silages with soya-bean or fish meals did not significantly affect the intake, performance or carcass fatness of finishing beef cattle although the carcasses of animals offered HD silage supplemented with barley tended to be fatter than those from the other treatments.

Effect of Soybean, Feather and Hair Meals and Fat on the Performance of Growing-Finishing Beef Cattle

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary I. Wray ◽  
W. M. Beeson ◽  
T. W. Perry ◽  
M. T. Mohler ◽  
E. Baugh
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Preferences of housed finishing beef cattle for different floor types

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 124-124
Author(s):  
D.E. Lowe ◽  
R.W.J. Steen ◽  
V.E. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

There is increasing public concern about the welfare of farm animals and one of the issues recently raised has been the use of totally slatted floors for rearing and finishing beef cattle. However, human perception of the needs of animals may not necessarily reflect that of the animals' needs. The objective of this experiment was to examine beef cattle preferences for different floor types, in order to provide scientific information that will be valuable in formulating a policy on the housing requirements of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Assessment of Emission Reduction and Meteorological Change in PM2.5 and Transport Flux in Typical Cities Cluster during 2013–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5685
Author(s):  
Panbo Guan ◽  
Hanyu Zhang ◽  
Zhida Zhang ◽  
Haoyuan Chen ◽  
Weichao Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Joint Control ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model

Under the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) implemented, China has witnessed an air quality change during the past five years, yet the main influence factors remain relatively unexplored. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions as typical cluster cities, the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) and Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension (CAMx) were introduced to demonstrate the meteorological and emission contribution and PM2.5 flux distribution. The results showed that the PM2.5 concentration in BTH and YRD significantly declined with a descend ratio of −39.6% and −28.1%, respectively. For the meteorological contribution, those regions had a similar tendency with unfavorable conditions in 2013–2015 (contribution concentration 1.6–3.8 μg/m3 and 1.1–3.6 μg/m3) and favorable in 2016 (contribution concentration −1.5 μg/m3 and −0.2 μg/m3). Further, the absolute value of the net flux’s intensity was positively correlated with the degree of the favorable/unfavorable weather conditions. When it came to emission intensity, the total net inflow flux increased, and the outflow flux decreased significantly across the border with the emission increasing. In short: the aforementioned results confirmed the effectiveness of the regional joint emission control and provided scientific support for the proposed effective joint control measures.

A comparison of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

AbstractTwo randomized-block experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle. In each experiment unwilted, formic acid-treated silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with 500 g soya-bean meal and 50 g minerals and vitamins to 44 12-month-old bulls for 157 and 172 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Twelve of the animals also received 2·5 kg rolled spring barley (LB), 12 received 4·0 kg barley (HB) and 20 received 3·25 kg rolled wheat (W). For experiments 1 and 2 respectively the barley contained 796 and 787 g dry matter (DM) per kg; 118 and 105 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 47 and 57 g crude fibre per kg DM; the wheat contained 845 and 800 g DM per kg; 112 and 116 g CP per kg DM; 23 and 25 g crude fibre per kg DM; and the silages contained 190 and 177 g DM per kg; 153 and 176 g CP per kg DM; 80 and 104 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen. On average over the two experiments, for treatments LB, HB and W respectively, silage DM intakes were 5·4, 4·7 (s.e. 0·14) and 4·9 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; total DM intakes 7·9, 8·3 (s.e. 0·14) and 8·1 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; metabolizable energy intakes 91·4, 97·8 and 94·2 MJ/day; live-weight gains 1·04,1·19 (s.e. 0·029) and 1·10 (s.e. 0·023) kg/day and carcass gams 0·65, 0·77 (s.e. 0·017) and 0·70 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day. It is concluded that the feeding value of wheat was proportionately 0·98 of that of barley for finishing beef cattle when given as a supplement to grass silage, and that the type of cereal offered did not affect silage intake or carcass composition.

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